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Islam Rise of Islam 11-18-08 Arabian Peninsula Arabian Peninsula ► ► ► ► Crossroads of 3 continents (Europe, Asia & Africa) People living there are called Arabs Like Hebrews and Assyrians are Semitic speaking Nomads (Bedouins) who moved constantly to find water (oasis) Organization ► Because of harsh living conditions became very organized society ► Leaders called sheikh – literally means a man of old age ► Also developed great fighting skills Religion ► Most early Arabs were polytheistic ► City of Mecca – simple house of worship called a Ka’aba associated with Abraham Religion The Arabs trace their ancestry to Abraham and his son Ishmael ► Ishmael was believed to have built the Ka’aba ► While many believed in Allah (the Arabic word for God) – they also had tribal gods ► Christians and Jews living in Arab lands lead to many becoming monotheistic ► The Prophet Muhammad ► Born into a powerful Meccan family ► Father dies at the age of 5 ► Becomes a respected trader ► Marries a wealthy widow Revelations ► At about the age of 40 he has visions ► According to Islamic traditions the teachings were given to him by the angel Gabriel ► After much soul searching believes that Allah has spoken to him through Gabriel Last of the prophets ► Muhammad believes he is the last of the prophets ► Allah is the one and only God and all other gods must be abandoned ► Foundations of Islam (submission) ► Followers are called Muslims (one who has submitted) Preaching ► ► ► After the revelation he started to preach in Mecca Feared that he would cause people to neglect the Arab gods – and Mecca would lose its place of pilgrimage Many followers beaten or stoned The Hijrah ► Muhammad leaves Mecca ► Resettles north of Mecca in Yathrib ► Many people move there to be with Muhammad ► City renamed Medina – city of the Prophet Support & War ► Muhammad begins to win support from people of Medina as well as Bedouins ► Muslims see no separation between politics and religion (full submission) ► Muhammad becomes a political leader ► Fighting begins between the Muslims and the Meccans ► Sure of Defeat Mecca surrenders Victory ► Muhammad goes to the Ka’aba and says: Truth has come and falsehood has vanished. ► ► ► Has the idols of the temple destroyed Declares the Ka’aba a sacred shrine of Islam Most people in Mecca declare alliegence to Muhammad and convert Muhammad final days ► He unites much of the Arabian Peninsula under Islam ► He falls ill shortly after and dies Teachings of Muhammad Way of Life ► ► ► Muslims do not separate their personal and religious lives Must live in regulation while serving community Forbidden to eat pork, drink wine or like beverages Way of Life ► No priests or central religious authorities ► Worship God directly ► They do have a scholar class called ulama ► Teachers who study the works and deeds of Muhammad and apply them to everyday life Where does the Koran (Qur’an) Come From ► ► ► ► ► Original and primary is Allah Allah expresses his will through the angel Gabriel Revealed it to Muhammad as the Qur’an (Koran) While Muhammad lived his followers listened to him preach and pray After his death what they had memorized was written down Translations ► While Koran is written in Arabic it has been translated ► However Muslims consider only the Arabic to be the true word of God ► This spread Arabic as a language In groups of 5 ► Find 5 actual similarities between Islam and ► Hinduism Buddhism Christianity Judaism Find 5 stark differences between Islam and Hinduism Buddhism Christianity Judaism Similarities and Differences to other Religions ► Islam Pages 191-194 ► Hinduism Page 77 ► Buddhism Pages 78-79 ► Judaism Pages 56-60 ► Christianity Pages 169-174 ► Also look at pages 214-219 Similarities and Differences to other Religions ► Islam Pages 233-237 ► Hinduism Page 62-64 ► Buddhism Pages 64-66 ► Judaism Pages 72-76 ► Christianity Pages 153-157 ► Also look at pages 250-264 Spread of Islam 11-20-08 Successor ► Muhammad had not named a successor ► Also had not instructed followers how to choose one ► They elect a new leader a “caliph” – which means deputy ► 632 Abu-Bakr Abu-Bakr ► Promised Muslim community he would uphold Muhammad’s vision ► But abandoned tribes stood up to him ► Refused to pay taxes ► Some declared selves prophets ► Abu-Bakr used military force to reassert the authority of Muhammad’s successors ► Establishes a effective mobile army for jihad (a fair defensive war in the name of God) Rightly Guided Caliphs ► ► ► ► ► The first three elected caliphs – Umar, Uthman and Ali They all personally knew Muhammad Supported his mission Used Koran to guide leadership However many left faith after Muhammad’s Death Spread The Empire’s Success ► Reasons of the success of the Arabic empire Were able to attract many people to Islam Muslims did not have to pay certain taxes Did have religious tolerance ► Still had difficulty maintaining rule and civil war The Umayyads ► ► ► ► Came into power set up a hereditary system of succession Moved the capital to Damascus Made controlling conquered territories easier Made the Arab Muslims feel it was too far away The Umayyads ► Leaders abandoned the simple life ► Instead surrounded selves with wealth and ceremony ► Lead to division in Muslim community Sunni-Shi’a Split ► In interest of peace many Muslims accepted Umayyad rule ► This group eventually becomes the Sunni – followers of Muhammad’s example ► One group resisted ► They believed that the caliph, should be related to Muhammad ► This group becomes the Shi’a – the party of Ali Sufi ►A third group resisted the Umayyads ► Pursued a life of poverty and devotion to a spiritual path ► Contact with God through meditation ► Kept the focus on the Koran Sufi ► These men become missionaries in newly conquered lands ► Also their scholarship was lead to much of traditional learning and law ► They studied the traditions of Muhammad, Arabic language, and developed schools ► This established the standards of Islamic conduct Abbasids ► ► ► The splitting of their empire lead to the quick downfall of the Umayyads In 750 a rebel group overthrew them – Abbasids When they took power the murdered the remaining members of the Umayyad dynasty Spain ► Spain had been conquered by the Berbers led by Tariq – Gibraltar (Jabal Tariq) is named for him ► They settled into Spain and started a Muslim state called al-Andalus Abbasids Consolidate Power ► Strength lay in former Persian lands (Iraq and Iran) ► Move the capital to Baghdad ► Gives leaders access to key trade routes ► Developed a strong bureaucracy – to govern ► Treasury – Chancery – Army Department ► Diplomats sent into Europe ► To pay taxed land, imports, exports and wealth of non-Muslims Abbasids ► Lasted from 750-1258 ► Increased their authority by consulting religious leaders ► But failed to keep control of whole empire ► Independent Muslim states spring up Fatamid Dynasty ► Named for Muhammad’s daughter Fatima ► Takes much of N. Africa and Egypt ► However the Abbasid Empire remains united even without complete control ► United through trade, language, and religion Muslim Achievement 11-24-08 Muslim Urban Centers ► Baghdad, Cairo, Cordoba & Damascus ► Baghdad Circular Design Filled with shops 1,000,000 Four Social Classes ► By the Eighth and Ninth centuries Muslim society had four classes Upper Class – People who were Muslims at Birth Second Class – Converts to Islam Third Class – Protected People (Christians, Jews & Zoroastrians) Lowest Class - Slaves Women ► Koran states “Men are the managers of women’s affairs… Righteous women are therefore obedient” ► Men and women are also equal ► Muslim women had more rights than European women ► Women would work, could own property and had marriage rights ► Earliest days of Islam women could be educated Preservation of Knowledge ► House of Wisdom – library in Baghdad ► Contained many ancient texts including Greek and Latin texts translated into Arabic ► Much of the writings of the Ancient world were preserved for this reason Math and Science ► ► ► Adopted the “Arabic” number system Developed Algebra Astronomy Aware that the earth was round Astrolabe – instrument used by sailors to determine position by looking at the stars ► Developed medicine – medical encyclopedia Literature ► The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam ► Poetry about the meaning of life ► Arabian Knights – folktales, fables and romances Art and Architecture ► Mosque at Samarra Iraq Minaret – tower Muezzin – crier who calls the faithful to prayer ► Mosque at Cordoba Southern Spain Forest of arches