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The Muslim World
The Rise of Islam
The Expansion of Islam
The Muslim Culture
Crossroads of Africa, Asia, and Europe
 Location made trade a huge part of life for
the people of Arabia
 Oceans and seas AND land trade through
caravan routes and the silk roads
 Climate- deserts, Bedouins (nomads),
clans, farming communities in oasesfarming and market towns
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Geography of Arabia
Arabia’s most important city
 Religion- location of the Kaaba
 The Kaaba was an ancient shrine that held
and honored many idols to the godsmany people visited the Kaaba to pay
their respects to these gods
 Commerce- being located on the Red Sea
and land trade routes made this a major
trade city
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Mecca
The Kaaba
Birth- Mecca- orphaned at age 6, raised
by grandfather and uncle with little
education
 Young man- worked on the caravan
routes- married an older business woman,
Khadijah
 Revelations- a voice, he believed was
Gabrielle, said Allah was the only true god
and Muhammad was the last of his
prophets
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The Prophet Muhammad
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Islam: submission to the will of Allah
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Muslim: one who has submitted- or the
followers of Islam
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Allah: the one and only true God
Terms to Know
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613- preaching belief in one god
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Leaders in Mecca feared he would lead to
the neglect of the other gods
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Why would this be a problem?
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People would stop traveling to the city to
pay homage to the idols in the Kaabaeconomically motivated!
Early Hostility
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After attacks on Muhammad’s followers he
decided to leave Mecca
Traveled to a city 200 miles north
Renamed the city Medina
Gathered a large number of followers
Became a military and political leader
Returned to Mecca
The Hijrah
630- 10,000 man army marched to Mecca
 Destroyed the idols in the Kaaba
 Took over the city and established it as an
Islamic center as many citizens converted
 Lived 2 more years and began unification
of the Arabian Peninsula
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Muhammad’s Return
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There is one God.
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There is good and evil
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Each person is responsible for his/her
actions
Basic Beliefs of Islam
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Faith- one God, Allah, Muhammad is his
messenger
Prayer- 5 times each day toward Mecca
Alms- religious tax to benefit the poor, Muslims
must support the less fortunate
Fasting- reminder that spiritual needs are more
important than physical…. No eating during
daylight hours for the month of Ramadan
Pilgrimage (hajj)- all Muslims should visit the
holy city of Mecca- all wear the same garments
to signify equality before Allah
Five Pillars of Faith
The Hajj During Ramadan
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No eating pork or drinking alcohol
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Communal worship on Friday afternoons
at a Mosque
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No priests, Muslims worship Allah directly
Other Customs, Morals and Laws
of the Muslims
Ulama- scholars who relate Islam to
Quran- holy book- written in Arabic- the
only true language of Islam- and is the
FINAL words of Allah
 Sunna- Muhammad’s example or model
for proper living
 Shari’a- body of law the regulates family
life, moral conduct, business and
community relations
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Islamic Authority
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Allah is the same as their God
Jesus= prophet, not the Son of God
All believe in The Ten Commandments,
Heaven and Hell and final judgment
All trace their ancestry to Abraham
Jews and Christians are called “people of
the book”
Islamic law requires Muslims to extend
religious tolerance to them
Links to Christianity and Judaism
Caliph- successor or deputy
 Caliphate- rule of a Caliph
 Abu-Bakr was the first following
Muhammad’s death
 “Rightly guided Caliphs” were those who
knew Muhammad and followed the Quran
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The Spread of Islam
As many tribes abandoned Islam following
Muhammad’s death, they refused to pay
tribute
 The jihad (means striving) was instituted
to justify the spread of Islam
 An inner struggle against evil
 An armed struggle against non-believers
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The Jihad
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Well disciplined and trained armies
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Byzantine empire was weak due to
centuries of conflict
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Persecution of those who did not accept
Christianity or Zoroastrianism
Success of the “Rightly Guided
Caliphs”
Equality and hope in this world
 Muslims did not have to pay a poll tax (for
non-Muslims)
 Allowed conquered people to practice their
religion
 Christians and Jews had special treatment
as “People of the Book”
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Islam’s Attraction
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Several successors of Muhammad were
assassinated and the elective system of
choosing the Caliph was lost
The Umayyads took over
Moved the capital to Damascus
Muslims of Arab descent were angered
Umayyads surrounded themselves with
wealth and ceremony- things not
associated with Muhammad
A Crisis of Internal Conflict
Shi’a- “Party of Ali”
Sunni- followers of Muhammad’s example
Sufi- rejected the wealth and luxury of the
Umayyad and lived a simple life of
poverty and devotion
 The Shi’a outwardly resisted the Umayyad
rule and believe Caliphs must be
descendent of Muhammad
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3 Muslim Groups Emerge
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Around 750 the Abbasids defeated the
Umayyads
Moved the capital to Baghdad
Developed a bureaucracy
A treasury kept track of money flow
Taxed land, imports, exports, and nonMuslims’ wealth
Did not keep complete political control of
the empire, so other Caliphates spread
The Abbasid Caliphate
Sea trade= Mediterranean Sea and Indian
Ocean
 Land trade= Silk Roads
 Language of trade= Arabic, money was
the Abbasid Dinar
 Set up bands and letters of credit called
sakk (Checks)
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The Muslim Trade Network
Upper= Muslims from births
Second= converts to Islam
Third= Protected people (monotheistic
believers)
 Fourth= slaves (non-Muslim prisoners of
war only)
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There are no priests b/c Muslims pray
directly to Allah
Muslim Class Society
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Books translated into Arabic- helped
preserve European culture
Al Razi- physician who wrote a
Comprehensive Book (medical
encyclopedia)
Science= observation and experimentation
to solve problems
Math is the basis of all knowledge “al jabr”
Astronomy- book, Optics- revolutionized
ideas about vision and led to the
development of telescopes and
microscopes
House of Wisdom = Learning
Center for Islam
Only Allah can create life images, so
pictures are discouraged in art
 Woodwork, glass, ceramics and
calligraphy flourished
 Architecture is the greatest example of
cultural blending between Muslims,
Greeks, Romans, and Byzantines
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Muslim Art and Archetecture
Ornate arches frame the doors of the Koutoubia, Marrakech, Morocco's oldest
mosque. Completed in the 12th century, the Koutoubia served as a model for
other mosques in the Muslim world.
Mosaic and Caligraphy
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System of law
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Regulates family life, moral conduct,
business and community life
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Forbidden to eat pork or drink alcoholic
beverages
The Sharia Governs
Muslim Life
Had more economic and property rights
than other cultures of the time
 Equal to men as BELIEVERS, but Islam
teaches they be obedient and submissive
 Today some Muslim cultures limit women’s
rights (Iraq and Afghanistan are
examples)
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Role of Women in Muslim Society
Two Worlds of
Muslim Women