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Unit Three The Middle East and Asia in the Medieval Age The Rise of Islam Chapter 10 Rise of Islam - Terms 1. Muhammad – born into a powerful Meccan family, spent time alone in prayer & meditation; at the age of 40 he heard a voice while meditating, according to Muslim belief, the voice was that of the angel Gabriel, who told Muhammad that he was the messenger of Allah; Muhammad began to teach that Allah was the one & only God and that all other gods must be abandoned 2. Allah 3. Islam 4. Muslim 5. Hijrah 6. mosque 7. hajj 8. Qu’ran 9. Sunna 10. Shari'a The Arabian Peninsula 1. access to three continents: Europe, Asia and Africa 2. access to Oceans and Rivers 3. harsh landscape Desert Life 1. Bedouins – desert nomads; honor and family very important 2. trade routes in the desert • caravans – horse & camel trains of merchants, baggage & guards Mecca 1. location of the Ka’aba 2. according to Muslims, built by Abraham and Ishmael (Isma’il) 3. many religions found in Arabia in 6th Century AD: Judaism, Christianity, Paganism Muhammad 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. • born around 570 AD became a trader, married his boss at the age of 40, he began having visions of the angel Gabriel, who he thought was a messenger of Allah, “God” Islam – Submission to Allah; Muslim – One who submits began preaching in Mecca his monotheistic message was unpopular with town leaders The Hijrah and Return 1. in 622, Muhammad and his supporters moved to Yathrib 2. after solidifying his support, he began raiding Meccan caravans 3. in 630, Mecca surrendered and he destroyed the idols at the Ka’aba 4. Muhammad: both a spiritual and military leader 5. he died 2 years later (632) The Beliefs of Islam 1. The Five Pillars A. Shahadah – testimony of faith B. Salat – prayer five times a day facing Mecca C. Zakat – giving alms to the poor D. Sawm – fasting during Ramadan E. Hajj – pilgrimage to Mecca 2. sources of authority A. Qur’an (Koran) – Muhammad’s revelations, believed by Muslims to be the literal word of God B. Sunnah – “way of the prophet,” stories about Muhammad’s life C. Shar’ia – Islamic law, regulates individual, family and community law (no separation of church and state) D. Jihad 3. links to Christianity and Judaism A. regard Allah as the god of Jews and Christians B. Jesus was a prophet, not divine C. Muhammad was the final prophet Rise of Islam - Quiz 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Arabic term for God Islamic place of worship a pilgrimage to Mecca the holy book of Islam one who submits A. B. C. D. E. F. Muslim hajj mosque Islam Allah Qur’an Islam Expands 1. Muhammad’s sudden death left succession in question 2. took the title “caliph” “Rightly Guided Caliphs” 1. Abu Bakr – Muhammad’s father in law 2. Umar – conquered Jerusalem; compiled the Quran 3. Uthman – killed by supporters of Ali 4. Ali – Muhammad’s son in law, overthrown by the Ummayads Expansion 1. expand west into Egypt, and north into Syria - take Jerusalem from the Byzantines, build the Dome of the Rock mosque 2. expand eastward, conquer the Persian Empire 3. religious tolerance for “people of the book” (Jews and Christians) – with restrictions 4. North African Muslims, called Moors, conquer Spain, stopped in France (Battle of Tours) 5. Why did Islam expand so fast? weakness of Byzantines & Persians; unification of previously feuding Arab tribes Internal Conflict 1. Muawiya (governor of Syria and Uthman’s cousin) claimed the caliphate over Ali 2. Ali assassinated, Muawiya moved capital to Damascus. The Umayyad Dynasty begins 3. Shi’a Muslims – Ali should have been first Caliph, Caliphs should be descended from Muhammad 4. Sunni Islams – Four Caliphs were correctly chosen The Abassids 1. put together support from many groups who despise the Umayyads 2. take power in 750 3. move capital to newly built city of Baghdad 4. Abassid caliphate lasts until 1258 5. Muslim unity broken before then: Umayyads still in Spain, Fatimids (Shi’ites) in Egypt Chapter 11 Byzantines, Russians and Mongols, Oh My! Terms to Know 1. Justinian – Byzantine nobleman who succeeded his uncle to the throne of the Eastern Empire (Byzantine Empire) in 527 2. Justinian Code - the body of Roman civil law collected and organized by order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian around A.D. 534 3. Hagia Sophia - the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom in Constantinople, built by order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian 4. patriarch - a principal bishop in the eastern branch of Christianity 5. icon - a religious image used by eastern Christians 6. excommunication - the taking away of a person’s right of membership in a Christian church 7. Cyrillic alphabet - an alphabet for the writing of Slavic languages, devised in the ninth century A.D. by Saints Cyril and Methodius Byzantine Empire 1. Eastern Roman Empire – capital at Constantinople 2. they did not call themselves “Byzantines” 3. called themselves “Romans” 4. spoke Greek Location of Byzantines Justinian 1. reigned from 527-565 2. Justinian Code 3. reconquered Italy and North Africa (General Belasarius) 4. powerful wife, Theodora 5. expanded the empire, but maybe at too great a cost Eastern Orthodox Church 1. conflict between Roman Church & Eastern Church 2. Roman Church: headed by a pope, elected by cardinals 3. Eastern Church: headed by a patriarch, appointed by Byzantine emperor 4. spoke Greek, use of icons (ikons) 5. led to a schism in 1054 between Greek church and Rome End of Byzantines 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Bubonic Plague in 542 Justinian died in 565 – his conquests were lost Islamic expansion took Egypt, Syria, Jerusalem sack of Constantinople in 1204 by Crusaders by 1300s, the Byzantine Empire was just Constantinople and a strip of the Balkans 6. fell to the Turks in 1453 7. Byzantine (def) - characterized by elaborate scheming and intrigue, esp. for the gaining of political power or favor The Russians 1. area inhabited by Slavs 2. trade connected Vikings in north to Byzantine Empire 3. Vikings, called themselves Rus settled in the area, mixed with Slavs Early Russian Civilization 1. city of Kiev founded by Vikings 2. converted to Christianity (Eastern Orthodox) under Vladimir in 989 3. Mongol invasions in 1240. Rule until 1480 4. Russian nobles like Alexander Nevsky became vassals of the Mongols Mongol Conquests – Terms to Know 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. pastoralist clan Genghis Khan (331) Pax Mongolica Kublai Khan (335) Marco Polo (337) The Mongol Conquests 1. 2. 3. 4. Steppe Society north of China pastoral nomadism The Five Snouts horses, ox, goats, camels and pigs Chinggis Khan 1. born in 1165(?) 2. united the tribes of Mongolia (Mongols, Kerieds, Tatars) in 1205 3. turned south to Jin empire in China 4. in 1218, moved west into Persia (Khurasan Empire) 5. died in 1225, while dealing with an uprising by the Xi-Xia The Empire Expands 1. after Chinggis’ death, his sons continued the conquest 2. 1230s – conquered rest of Jin China 3. 1240s – moved into Poland and Hungary 4. 1250s – Middle East – destroyed the Assassins, sacked Baghdad, ended the Abbasid Caliphate 5. 1260 – stopped in Egypt by Mamluks Mongol Expansion Running the Empire 1. empire split into four khanates A. Khanate of Great Khan (China) B. Chagatai Khanate (Central Asia) C. Golden Horde (Russia) D. Ilkhanate – Middle East 2. established free trade, safe highways, postal system The Mongol Empire – Late 1400s Kublai Khan 1. grandson of Chinggis, finished conquering southern China (Song Empire) 2. established capital at Peking 3. separation from Chinese – Kublai’s closest advisors were Persians and Europeans 4. Marco Polo – Italian trader 5. Mongol rule in China lasts until 1368 Legacy of the Mongols • See Digging for the Truth: Genghis Khan video