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Power Transformer Faults Analysis by FRA Measurements in Electrical Power System By Waqar Ahmed CIIT/SP14-MS (EE)-003/WAH MS Thesis In Electrical Engineering COMSATS Institute of Information Technology WAH Cant – Pakistan Fall 2015 1 Power Transformer Faults Analysis by FRA Measurements in Electrical Power System A Thesis Presented to COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Wah Cant In partial fulfilment Of the requirement for the degree of MS (Electrical Engineering) By Waqar Ahmed CIIT/SP14-MS (EE)-003/WAH FALL 2015 2 Power Transformer Faults Analysis by FRA Measurements in Electrical Power System A Post Graduate Thesis submitted to the name of Department of Electrical Engineering as partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of Degree of MS (Electrical Engineering). NAME REGISTRATION # Waqar Ahmed CIIT/SP14-MS (EE)-003/WAH Supervisor ________________________ Prof. Engr. Dr. Muhammad Amin HoD, Department of Electrical Engineering Wah Campus COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT) Wah Cant MAY 2015 3 Final Approval This thesis titled Power Transformer Faults Analysis by FRA Measurements in Electrical Power System By Irfa Nisar CIIT/SP14-MS (EE)-017/WAH Has been approved For the COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Wah Cant External Examiner: __________________________________________ Supervisor: ________________________________________________ Prof. Engr. Dr. Muhammad Amin Electrical Engineering/Wah Campus HoD: _____________________________________________________ Prof. Engr. Dr. Muhammad Amin 4 HoD (Electrical Engineering/Wah Campus) Certificate of Originality Date: _____________ I, Mr. Waqar Ahmed, Registration no. CIIT/SP14-MS(EE)-017 /WAH, student of MS(EE) class, hereby declare that the material printed in my thesis titled “Power Transformer Faults Analysis by FRA Measurements in Electrical Power System” is my own original work and has neither been submitted, printed or published as research work, thesis, book or publication by another person, in any form, in any University, Research Organization, Journal etc., in Pakistan or abroad, nor a substantial part of this material has been accepted for the award of any degree at CIIT or any other educational institution. I further declare that the originality of contents through plagiarism software has also been verified. Student’s Name: Waqar Ahmed Registration # CIIT/SP14-MS (EE)-017/WAH Signature: _________________________ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Certified that the originality of the contents of above mentioned research thesis is verified through plagiarism software and found similarities within acceptable range. Supervisor Name: Prof. Dr. Muhammad Amin Signature: _____________________ H.O.D Name: Prof. Dr. Muhammad Amin Signature: ______________________ 5 Date: _________________________ Date: __________________________ Declaration I Irfa Nisar, registration # CIIT/SP14-MS (EE)-017/WAH hereby declare that I have produced the work presented in this thesis, during the scheduled period of study. I also declare that I have not taken any material from any source except referred to wherever due that amount of plagiarism is within acceptable range. If a violation of HEC rules on research has occurred in this thesis, I shall be liable to punishable action under the plagiarism rules of the HEC. Date: ______________ Signature of the Student: _________________________ Waqar Ahmed CIIT/SP14-MS (EE)-003/WAH 6 Certificate It is certified that Waqar Ahmed, registration # CIIT/SP14-MS(EE)-003/WAH has carried out all the work related to this thesis under my supervision at the Department of Electrical Engineering, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Wah Cant and the work fulfils the requirement for award of MS degree. Date: __________________ Supervisor: ________________________________ Prof. Engr. Dr. Muhammad Amin HoD Electrical Engineering Department Head of Department: ______________________ Prof. Engr. Dr. Muhammad Amin Electrical Engineering Department 7 DEDICATION To my Parents, Supervisors, Co. supervisors Who always guided me 8 Acknowledgement I would like to thank Comsats Institute of Information and Technology Wah Cant. Special thanks to the following people for the generous support and contribution they have made to write this thesis. For meticulously reviewing the text and offering good suggestions. 9 Waqar Ahmed (CIIT/SP14-MS (EE)-003/WAH) ABSTRACT Power Transformer Faults Analysis by FRA Measurements in Electrical Power System To safe people and belongings from harm or wound, electric defects in a power grid as in electrical equipment such as Power Transformer must be absolved rapidly. In past days of power systems the defects clarification was done by the service staff, which optically diagnose the faults and by hand monitored a transformer to remove the faults up to some extent. As come out faults became more and the working demands of the electric power grid became more rigorous, the demand for automatic fault sanction became an essential. The Power Transformer is one of the highly cost and significant electrical equipment of a Power Transmission System; the loss of transformer failure can be very costly. To avoid these failures, different techniques, methods for protecting and monitoring are being processed. These losses also cost money and this money always are charged to the consumer. A power grid station is consisted of three main sections as power transmission, power distribution as well as power generation plants. It also includes transmission cables, distribution system, and substations. The Power Transformer is high cost and essential electrical instrument of a Power Transmission Section. As it is essential elements in electrical power, as it has capability to variant voltage as well as current states, which is able transformers to produce power in electric system, to transfer and disseminate electric power and employ power at an efficient and desirable states. It is that part of electrical instrument which required uninterrupted check out and fast monitoring, as it is very costly and basic element of power system to perform efficiently. To avoid this, different methods, techniques and systems for monitoring and protecting of Power Transformers in service are being developed. By the condition required for knowing about the ability of the detection system, different manipulators are fitted with better data providing during 10 their conclusion process. Restorative processes are chosen antecedent to transformer failures to avoid fall-time and control functioning and monitoring cost. The eventual goal of this research is Power Transformer Faults Analysis by FRA Measurements in Electrical Power System for incipient faults diagnosing method that is able to analyze internal defects in transformers. The complete model and the graphs that are showing the disturbance in the required system are simulated in the MATLAB. This research presents a transfer function for transformer faults analysis and simulations to differentiate internal faults data and study its properties. 11 Table of contents 1 Introduction ...................................................................................... 18 1.1 Statement of problem ............................................................................................................................. 19 1.2 Objective of Research work ................................................................................................................... 20 1.3 Organization of thesis ............................................................................................................................ 21 2 Literature Review ............................................................................ 24 2.2 Research Methodology........................................................................................................................... 26 2.2.1 Theoretical Studies .....................................................................................................................................26 2.2.2 Experimental Set Up ..................................................................................................................................26 2.2.3 Method of Analysis ....................................................................................................................................27 2.3 Study of Electrical Power system .......................................................................................................... 27 2.4 Power transformer Assessment Review................................................................................................. 28 2.4.1 Out comings of Power System ...................................................................................................................30 2.4.2 High cost of repairing & controlling ..........................................................................................................31 2.4.3 Development of Electricity Need ...............................................................................................................31 2.5 Power Transformer Faults .................................................................................................................... 32 2.6 Types of Transformer faults .................................................................................................................. 34 2.6.1 Transformer External faults .......................................................................................................................34 2.6.2 Transformer Internal Faults ........................................................................................................................35 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 39 3.2 Power transformer Fault Analysis Techniques ..................................................................................... 39 3.2.1 FRA vs. Typical Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) ......................................................................................40 3.2.2 FRA vs. Typical Faults Analysis by using Swarm Optimization (SVM) ...................................................41 3.2.3 Transformer Fault Detection by Bayesian Network and RSR theory ........................................................41 3.2.4 A Novel Algorithm to diagnose Incipient Transformer Faults ...................................................................41 3.2.5 Multi-Kernel Support Vector classifier for Fault Analysis of Transformers..............................................42 3.2.6 Mathematical equivalence techniques to measure transfer functions of transformers ...............................42 3.2.7 Propagation characteristics of UHF partial discharge in power transformers ............................................42 3.2.8 Extreme frequency technique based on FRA .............................................................................................43 3.2.9 Propagation characteristics of UHF partial discharge using FDTD ...........................................................43 12 3.3 Frequency Response Analysis ................................................................................................................ 43 3.3.1 Impulse Frequency Response .....................................................................................................................46 3.3.2 Frequency Sweep technique .......................................................................................................................46 3.4 Transfer function ................................................................................................................................... 46 4.1 Design Objectives ................................................................................................................................... 49 4.2 Proposed Work ...................................................................................................................................... 49 4.2.1 Proposed Work System Diagram ...............................................................................................................50 4.2.2 Description of Proposed Work ...................................................................................................................51 4.2.3 Block Diagram of Proposed work ..............................................................................................................51 4.2.4 Description of proposed work ....................................................................................................................52 4.2.5 Electric circuit components ........................................................................................................................53 5.1 Frequency 60HZ .................................................................................................................................... 57 5.2 FREQUENCY 50HZ.............................................................................................................................. 60 5.3 FREQUENCY 55 HZ............................................................................................................................. 63 6.1 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................. 67 7.1 References .............................................................................................................................................. 69 13 List of figures Figure 1: Power generation and transmission plant .................................................................................... 25 Figure 2: Power Transformer ...................................................................................................................... 29 Figure 3: Conceptual failure model of transformer..................................................................................... 30 Figure 4: Fault Distribution of power transformer ...................................................................................... 31 Figure 5: Power transformer age classifications ......................................................................................... 33 Figure 6: RLC Simulink Simple model ...................................................................................................... 45 Figure 7: Proposed System Diagram .......................................................................................................... 50 Figure 8: Block diagram of proposed work ................................................................................................ 51 Figure 9: Results at Bus 1 (60Hz) ............................................................................................................... 57 Figure 10: Results at Bus 2 (60Hz) ............................................................................................................. 58 Figure 11: Results at Bus 3 (60Hz) ............................................................................................................. 59 Figure 12: Results at Bus 1 (50Hz) ............................................................................................................. 60 Figure 13: Results at Bus 2 (50Hz) ............................................................................................................. 61 Figure 14: Results at Bus 3 (50Hz) ............................................................................................................. 62 Figure 15: Results at Bus 1 (55Hz) ............................................................................................................. 63 Figure 16: Results at Bus 2 (55Hz) ............................................................................................................. 64 Figure 17:Results at Bus 3 (55Hz) .............................................................................................................. 65 14 List of tables Table 1: Primary reasons of transformer losses .......................................................................................... 36 Table 2: Severity characteristics of Power transformer .............................................................................. 37 15 List of Equations Eq 1: Eq 2: Eq 3: Eq 4: Eq 5: Eq 6: Eq 7: V = 4.44Φ. f.T ...................................................................................................................... 35 V ∝ Φ.f ................................................................................................................................. 35 Φ ∝ V/f ................................................................................................................................. 35 H(ω) = V2(ω)/V1 (ω) ........................................................................................................... 47 TF1 = R (ω) ⁄ V (ω) .............................................................................................................. 47 TF2 = R (ω) ⁄ I (ω) ................................................................................................................ 47 TF3 = I (ω) ⁄ V (ω) ................................................................................................................ 47 16 Chapter 1 Introduction 17 1 Introduction To safe people and belongings from harm, electric defects in a power grid as in electrical equipment such as Power Transformer must be cleared rapidly. In past days of power systems the defects clarification was done by the service staff, which optically diagnose the faults and by hand monitored a transformer to remove the faults up to some extent [1]. As come out faults became more and the working demands of the electric power grid became more rigorous, the demand for automatic fault sanction became an essential. The Power Transformer is one of the highly cost and significant electrical equipment of a Power Transmission System; the loss of transformer failure can be very costly [2]. To avoid these failures, different techniques, methods for protecting and monitoring are being processed. These losses also cost money and this money always are charged to the consumer [3]. So the main objective of this work is to analyses the transformer faults in the electrical system by the compensation of the insulation failures between windings and ground terminal, breakdown between different phases, breakdown occur in between contact turns and transformer core faults [1]. Since many operational cases of transformer failures are caused by input current problems and thus, the rapid distortion of inflow current from incipient fault is more necessary to avoid. Therefore, measures must be taken to ensure that the Power transformer operates precisely to differentiate between fault and non-fault conditions to ensure service reliability [3]. Many techniques are applied to compensate and to control the transformer faults by using different protection devices. This research emphasizes on the compensation of the incipient faults to overcome the breakdown in the system. For compensation of the Power Transformer faults different POWER TRANSFORMER MODELING techniques are used like DGA, DPA, PDA and FRA [4]. By using these techniques the power transformer faults can be analyze and improves as well as insulation between windings and core loss can be compensate according to the situation [3]. Now a day’s many different methods are used to reduce and control transformer internal faults. Major fault diagnostic and detection techniques includes such as dissolved gas analysis (DGA), Degree of polymerization (DPA), partial discharge analysis (PDA), frequency response analysis(FRA), and transformer function measurement use different parameters. 18 In this work FRA technique is used to analyses the incipient faults that occurred in Power Transformers by developing model in Matlab Simulink. In FRA technique, power transformer can be made up of composite network of resistance, capacitances and inductances [5]. All modelling results executed for 132/11 kV, 40MVA power transformer that specifically established on data provided for this design [6]. Any change in values of capacitances, resistances and inductances will lead noticeable variations in frequency behaviour of transformer. Although various techniques are used in literature to analyze the incipient faults problem but it still motivates the researchers to develop the new methodologies or improve the existing ones to reduce the winding losses in the power transformer by the compensation of the insulation windings and earth, different phases, breakdown occur in between adjacent turns and transformer core faults [5]. 1.1 Statement of problem The incipient faults reduction in the power transformer is of the great importance because of their economic, financial demands to the consumer and the company. To reduce incipient faults the in the electrical power system, the windings and transformer core loss power must be controlled or compensated internal losses will increase if the winding and core loss is not to be controlled. In this work FRA technique is used to analyses the incipient faults that occurred in power Transformers by developing model in Matlab Simulink and compensate the insulation windings and earth, different phases, breakdown occur in between adjacent turns and transformer core faults. This reduction in the internal faults helps to improve the power system and also reduce the electricity crises that have to face by overall world. In this research work our main attention is reduce and analyses the internal faults that mostly occurred in transformer. Under strains from high powered, current go around conductor pass through insulators as slowly degenerate of insulation procedures, hence, short circuit was 19 occurred and power transformer break down. When an internal fault presents, irregularities in potential, electric flow and different electrical arguments will analyzed. Therefore, features that specifically modify unnatural response in transformers could identify by FRA method and proposed a transfer function that predicts a method of analyzing incipient faults. So to analyze the incipient faults that occurred in Power Transformer by designing the model by using MATLAB SIMULINK software and using FRA measurements for analyzing and reducing incipient faults by implementing FRA technique in proposed model. 1.2 Objective of Research work The main objective of this thesis is to analyze reliability of power transformer faults by Frequency Response Analysis (FRA). This thesis demonstrates application of frequency response analysis technique to power transformer assessment. The reliability assessment of power transformer assessment resulted qualitative and quantitative frequency response analysis. This research work focus on analysis of internal faults that occurred in power transformer in electrical power system by analyzing different fault analysis techniques. So this research works using FRA technique in proposed model to detect internal faults in power transformer. So to analyze the internal faults that occurred in Transformer by designing the model by using MATLAB SIMULINK software and using FRA measurements for analyzing and reducing internal faults. The qualitative analysis of the faults analysis results sets and describe qualitative importance. The qualitative results help in focusing attention on main apparatus of power transformer that contributed to the unreliability of the system. 20 1.3 Organization of thesis The thesis research work is arranged in following pattern: Chapter 1: This chapter defines introduction, the objectives of this project, statement of problem and its importance. Chapter 2: It describes some literatures reviews on previous works in the field of study, the research methodology, a brief review of the electrical power system, review of power transformer, study of power transformer faults analysis, description of fault analysis techniques, details of transformer faults, its area of transformer failures, transformer applications. Also describes the monitoring and controlling techniques of transformers which have been proposed in recent years. Chapter 3: This chapter shows the process of developing and constructing the model of fault analysis of power transformer system based on FRA. The causes were identified as the event causing every possible fault by developing a fault analysis model. Furthermore in this chapter we conduct the qualitative faults analysis of power transformer. Fault response analysis (FRA) of the power transformer was performed to investigate the causes for the fault in power transformer operation. By qualitative analysis of the FRA, we found the irregularities of power transformer system. Chapter4: present simulations were performed using the Matlab/Simulink software, and the simulation results were recorded and described. First step is to analyze which type of fault that occurred in transformer, whether the fault occurred in winding in power transformer by the compensation of the insulation windings and earth, different phases, breakdown occur in between adjacent turns and transformer core faults. To obtain calculated results, the faults are computed using standard frequency responses. The results for these various responses are then brought together using techniques employed for “generalized frequency responses analysis” to perform calculations. This result will help the decision making in order to betterment of power transformer system. Chapter 5: It presents measuring faults detection values of power transformer system components. In this research, I had presented applications and results of the importance measures 21 analysis of a power transformer system, by using frequency responses measures and comparing results with standards of frequency required. In this chapter, all the simulations results have been simulated by different values of frequency responses. I had also simulated results, by taking different values of current and voltages at three busses in electrical system. Chapter 6: This chapter had presented a summary of the research carried out in this thesis and concluded the results and giving idea for some useful future research issues. Chapter 7: In chapter 7, I had concluded references and sources from where the material has been cited over it. 22 Chapter 2 Power transformer Evaluation 23 2 Literature Review A power grid station is consists of three main sections as power transmission, power distribution as well as power generation plants. It also includes transmission cables, distribution system, and substations [2]]. The Power Transformer is high cost and essential electrical instrument of a Power Transmission Section. As it is essential elements in electrical power, as it has capability to alter voltages as well as current values, which is able the transformers to produce power in system, to transfer, disseminate electric power and enforced power at an efficient and desirable states [4]. It is that part of electrical instrument which required uninterrupted check out and fast monitoring, as it is very costly and basic element of power system to perform efficiently [5]. To avoid this, different methods, techniques and systems for monitoring and protecting of Power Transformers in service are being developed. By the condition required for knowing about the ability of the detection system, different manipulators are fitted with better data providing during their conclusion process [7]. Restorative processes are chosen antecedent to transformer failures to avoid fall-time and control functioning and monitoring cost. An advanced electric system is very huge and composite network consists of generators, transformers, transmission lines, distribution lines, and other devices [8]. The purpose of the electric power system is to make, supplying, transmit electric power. This power system is also known as the grid station and can be classified into the generators that provide the energy, mostly electricity production comes from coal, natural gas, biomass, nuclear fission, wind, solar, and hydraulic plant [4]. The transmission system that contain the energy from the generating plant to the load centre, and the distribution system that carries the power to nearby homes and industries, such system as those shown in Figure 2.1. The Power Transformer is one of the highly cost and significant electrical equipment of a Power Transmission System; the loss of transformer failure can be very costly. To avoid these failures, different techniques, methods for protecting and monitoring are being processed [5]. These losses also cost money and this money always are charged to the consumer. 24 The transformer set up at power stations or substation should be work fault free over a retentive period of time. Transformers depend on a number of elements to produce required voltage and current [9]. The primarily function of the power transformer is to cut down the transmission cost in electrical power system. It cut down the transmission limitations by reducing the required current for transmission. The cost step down is carried by increasing the transmission voltage in the system. For long transmission lines, very high voltages up to 800 kV are used while for average transmission 500 and 450 kV is carried out [11]. To fulfil the requirement of voltages and power, power transformers are demanded from generation to clients. The voltage adjusted is done by step up or step down transformers. Step up transformer increases the voltage on secondary side while step down transformer decreases the voltage on the secondary winding side of transformer [10]. Figure 1: Power generation and transmission plant Power transformers are mostly very certain, with a 25-30 years designing period [8]. In performance period of transformer could be as more as 40-70 years with continuous monitoring. 25 Therefore, the in-services failures of a transformer is actually risky to inferior by bursts and fire, greatly damaging to surrounding through oil outflow, expensive to amend or repair, and results in significance failures [11]. As power transformer period, which added the chances of losses? Losses are mostly set off by severe states, such as lighting strikes, switching transients, short circuits, or other disturbance. When the transformer is new, it is necessary electrical and mechanical power to stand with uncertain system states [12]. 2.2 Research Methodology Methodology of research thesis can be divided into following different sections. 2.2.1 Theoretical Studies Theoretical studies generally pay attention on clear and complete understanding of the object and the problem. Various heuristic techniques developed in past few years for analyzing and solving the faults and the reduction of losses in power transformer. The back off of these techniques will also be studied in the theoretical studies. 2.2.2 Experimental Set Up In the experimental set up, FRA technique is used to compensate the emerging faults of the Power Transformer and by compensation of internal faults than transformer condition will improved and the breakdown loss will be reduced from the power system of the our required need of electricity. The whole experimental work will be done on the MATLAB. 26 2.2.3 Method of Analysis The requirement of the proposed research is that by using the FRA technique, to reduce the breakdown losses in the power transformer by the compensation of the insulation windings and earth, different phases, breakdown occur in between adjacent turns and transformer core losses and then we analyses the results without FRA that how much improvement in the breakdown loss reduction appears. The results of the power transformer of our requirement with and the without FRA will be shown as the graphical representation in the MATLAB and then will propose a transfer function of incipient faults analysis of our demand. 2.3 Study of Electrical Power system A power grid station is consisted of three main sections as power transmission, power distribution as well as power generation plants. It also includes transmission cables, distribution system, and substations [6]. An advanced electric system is very huge and composite network consists of generators, transformers, transmission lines, distribution lines, and other devices. The purpose of the electric power system is to make, supplying, transmit electric power. This power system is also known as the grid station and can be classified into the generators that provide the energy, mostly electricity production comes from coal, natural gas, biomass, nuclear fission, wind, solar, and hydraulic plant [12]. Electric power is generated, transmitted and distributed in course of AC current. Since the electric power is obtained at grid stations which are installed generally away from consumers areas, it can only be deported to them by a wide transmission lines [11]. At many points in the line of the power system, it may be required to change some features (e.g voltage, a.c to d.c, frequency, power factor etc.) of electric power system. This can be done by suitable equipment called Sub-station [9]. For example, a Power Transmission sub-station, generation voltage (132kV) is stepped down to a low voltage (33kV) for transmission of electric power. The assembly of equipment like transformer used for this purpose is grid station. It will be variant voltage states of electric power supply [10]. The power transformer is essential component employed to change the voltage level according to the needs of proposed model. 27 2.4 Power transformer Assessment Review Power transformer is one of vital electricity component in electrical power. It brings a vital role both in transferring and disseminating system by transmitting the electricity potential, from one potential level to another, under magnetic induction [14]. When a failure happened on a transformer, it means that the electricity supply could not be done to clients. Power Transformer is high cost and essential electrical instrument of a Power Transmission Section. As it is essential elements in electrical power, as it has capability to variant voltages as well as current values, which is able, the transformers to produce electricity, to transfer, disseminate electric power and enforced power at efficient and desirable states [11]. It is that part of electrical instrument which required uninterrupted check out and fast monitoring, as it is very costly and basic element of power system to perform efficiently [14]. The Power Transformer is one of the highly cost and significant electrical equipment of a Power Transmission System; the loss of transformer failure can be very costly. To avoid these failures, different techniques, methods for protecting and monitoring are being processed. These losses also cost money and this money always are charged to the consumer [13]. Power transformers are mostly very certain, with a 25-30 years designing period [8]. In performance period of transformer could be as more as 40-70 years with continuous monitoring. Therefore, the in-services failures of a transformer is actually risky to inferior by bursts and fire, greatly damaging to surrounding through oil outflow, expensive to amend or repair, and results in significance failures [11]. 28 Figure 2: Power Transformer The necessity equipment which defines the ideal transformer counts to wide limit, with the features of core windings loss [19]. The characteristics which are very important in transformer core material are permeability, saturation, resistivity and hysteresis loss. It is usually assumed that, the core that most important method in transformer pattern building has been done [20]. The building of a power transformer changes by the manufactures. The basic need is requires the same and that has been change in past years. The main components of the power transformer are the core, winding, insulation and tank. As power transformer period, which added the chances of losses? Losses are mostly set off by severe states, such as lighting strikes, switching transients, short circuits, or other disturbance. When the transformer is new, it is necessary electrical and mechanical power to stand with uncertain system states [12]. Transformer losses could have important profitable affect due to high span of times in supplies, constructing, and instalment in adding to more component failures [7]. By the estimation of Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), improving the period of power transformer is almost considered scheme of improving period of power transmission system and distribution [15]. 29 This scheme begins with generator, transformers at the power station. Insulation strength Reducing strength with time & after incidents Insulation spare margin Insulation stress Failure Incidents New Increasing age Old Figure 3: Conceptual failure model of transformer Power transformer states requirement in power systems are as following: 2.4.1 Out comings of Power System The out comings of power transformer may affect power system stability. It is tedious to instantly evaluate the effect of break down for stability of grid station. For example, the failures of a generator step-up transformer is usually more difficult than loss occur in transformer of transmission side and the breakdown of transformer with high loading is much affecting than less [10]. Safe operation of power transformers is also necessary due to uncertain losses and 30 breakdown can cause in a big accident and get increasing high values in output price, especially in ever-growing surrounding. 2.4.2 High cost of repairing & controlling In Electrical power system, transformers are the main components. When the faults occur or may go wrong. Then it should be amend or even repair. The life period of power transformer is high in order to avoid substitute. This is due to raise the attempt for amends and repairs the transformer condition. In order to prevent, the repairing cost need to be reduced to degree where a high powered transformer can be on working condition [17]. 2.4.3 Development of Electricity Need The electricity growth is increased to twice in 2010-2040 at yearly developing rate of 3.5 % every year. Electricity growth need has the highest fashioned in advanced countries, the needs grows by 5% per year over the ongoing period [11]. Accordingly, new requirement of power system, specifically transformer should be developed. Likewise, more loads of power transformers will be needed. The load rate and the high power transaction speed up the power transformers physical conditions as a result of raising the operating tension [13]. 20% 21% tank/fluid terminal 4% magnetic circuit 22% windings accessories 33% Figure 4: Fault Distribution of power transformer 31 2.5 Power Transformer Faults In the life period of power transformer, the transformer has been integrating the effect of thermal, mechanical, chemical, electrical and electromagnetic faults during normal pattern and stable states. A fault may happen when any functional faults pass its power of the above mentioned parameters. In addition, fault procedures in power transformers are mostly difficult and so practice between producers, services, academics session is required to realize then [7]. Nowadays, power transformers are usually very suitable with expected utilities period of 30 years or more because of advancement in manufacturing and monitoring [17]. Also the design parameter of system and the operation condition are alter, the condition of power transformer for the equal type apparatus are also different. In such circumstance it is very tedious to found the fault system for all circumstances of the power transformer system. A practicable way of transformer’s failure could be described in Figure2.4, as define by CIGRE Work Group [21]. Typically transformer functional loss mechanisms are illustrated by the CIGRE Work Group [23]. Utilities describes thus bring out most power transformer losses are not due to destruction, but also because of damage or getting on due to some failures in manufacturing and construction design, utilities and maintenance. Sometimes a power transformer failed without giving warning message [17]. However, the indication of proposing fault and losses can be analyzed, precluded or removed. Operational losses are usually prevailed with isolated effects such as lightning strikes or short circuits. The changing failures over the period of a transformer, taking the mechanical losses enforced on a winding [19]. When the transformer is fresh, the windings will be adjusted to reduce the failures of electromagnetic power in short circuits. As the transformer insulation becoming old, the paper insulation will contract and may cause in minimizing of clamping pressure, hence minimizing the mechanical power [20]. Because of the automatic behaviour of operational faults it is different that it will be possible to analyze when fault will occur. However, if operational power and operational losses could be analyzed enough, it may be possible to find the circumstances by which the fault is to be occurred [21]. 32 An important task in managing transformer services period would be increased and maintaining the assessment of required strengths and operational stresses would be minimized to some extent [24]. 11% 21% 0-9years 10-19years 14% 20-29years 30-39years 18% Figure 5: Power transformer age classifications The working of power transformer depends on insulator and cooling system, because these two schemes are closely associated, the quantity of heat, in the core and winding carriers find out the performance and duration of insulated windings and insulator [19]. The most important properties that proposed the operating period of insulator, oil/paper insulation are chemical purity, thermal stability, mechanical design and insulator power [21]. Faults in transformer may or may not be potential to repair condition by simple curative action. 33 2.6 Types of Transformer faults There are two main types of faults Transformer External faults Transformer Internal faults 2.6.1 Transformer External faults There are three external faults in power transformer as listed below: External Short - Circuit High Voltage Disturbance Under Frequency Effect 2.6.1.1 External Short - Circuit The short-circuit may occur in two or three phases of electrical system. It depends on the voltage values, which has been short circuited by the impedance value at point of fault. Copper loss of the fault in transformer is unexpectedly high [23]. Thus, increasing copper loss may causes excess internal heating in transformer? High fault current produces severe mechanical stresses in the transformer [24]. The maximum mechanical faults occur during first cycle of same fault current. 2.6.1.2 High Voltage Disturbance High Voltage Disturbance is of two states as follows; Transient Surge Voltage Power Frequency Over Voltage 34 1. Transient Surge Voltage High voltage and high frequency surge may occur in power system due to any of reasons; (a) Arcing ground if neutral point is isolated. (b) Switching operation of different electrical component (c) Atmospheric Lightening Impulse 2. Power Frequency Over Voltage There is always a chance of system in over voltage due to unexpected disconnection of high load. Over voltage causes an increase in stress on the insulation of transformer. Increased in voltages values may increase appropriate rate of flux. This is due to, increased in iron loss and is appropriate large increase in magnetizing current [20]. 2.6.1.3 Under Frequency Effect As the given equation describes, number of turns in the winding is fixed Eq 1: V = 4.44Φ. f.T Eq 2: V ∝ Φ.f Eq 3: Φ ∝ V/f So, From, equation it is shows that if frequency decreases in system, then rate of flux in the core increases, this criteria is similar to over voltage. 2.6.2 Transformer Internal Faults The fault current is dependent on the value of earthen impedance and is also proportional to the distance of the fault point from neutral point [19].The value of fault current depends on the value of earthen impedance as well as the distance between the faulty point and neutral point [20]. The fault current also depends up on leakage reactance of the portion of the winding across the fault point and neutral. 35 The internal faults can be categorized as follows Insulation breakdown between winding and earth Insulation breakdown in between different phases Insulation breakdown in between adjacent turns Transformer core fault 2.6.2.1 Insulation breakdown in between different phases Phase to phase failures in the transformer are very uncommon. These faults occur, and it will give increase in significant value of current to operate instantaneous over current relay on the primary side and the differential relay [23]. Table 1: Primary reasons of transformer losses Sr.No Transformer Failures Causes 1983 1996 2008 1 Surges Protection 31.3% 30.1% 12.8% 2 External short circuits 13.7% 19.8% 23.2% 3 Poor Manufacturer 11.6% 6.7% 2.3% 4 Deterioration of insulations 11.4% 8.4% 13.8% 5 Overloading 7.9% 3.4% 2.9% 6 Humidity 8.1% 7.4% 4.2% 7 Inadequate maintenance 6.4% 13.1% 12.01% 8 Shortage, Malicious, Mischief 3% 2.0% 1.5% 9 Loose Connections 2.5% 1.9% 5.8% 10 All Others 7.3% 7.9% 21.6% 36 2.6.2.2 Insulation breakdown in between adjacent turns Power Transformer connected with electrical high voltage transmission system, is very likely to be subjected to high magnitude [14].The voltage variations between insulation winding become so high, it cannot attain the stress and causing insulation loss between internal turns of primary and secondary windings of transformer. Very large number of Power Transformer losses comes up from fault between turns. Internal adjacent turn losses may also be raised due to mechanical forces between turns arises by external short circuit [17]. Table 2: Severity characteristics of Power transformer Sr.No Transformer Conditions Statements 1. Minor 2. Marginal Primary function could be done but necessary repair required Reduction in Primary function 3. Critical Causes in reduction of Primary Function 4. Catastrophic Product becomes incompatible 2.6.2.3 Transformer core fault Sometimes, insulation of bolts fails which also allows eddy current to flow through the bolt and causing overheating [19]. Insulation failure in lamination and core bolts causes severe local heating, which causes more core loss but cannot produce any measureable variations in input and output current in the transformer [21]. Excessive over heating can head to failures of transformer insulating oil with ejection of gases. 37 Chapter 3 Frequency Response Analysis & Transfer Function 38 3.1 Introduction Power transformer is one of vital electrical component in electrical system. It brings a vital role both in transferring, disseminating system by transmitting the electricity potential, from one potential level to another, under magnetic induction [9]. When loss occurred in a transformer, the electricity supply could not be done to clients. The Power Transformer is high cost and essential electrical instrument of a Power Transmission Section. As it is essential elements in electrical power, as it has capability to alter voltage as well as current values, which capable the transformers to produce electric power, to transfer and disseminate electric power and employ power at an efficient and desirable states [10]. It is that part of electrical instrument which required uninterrupted check out and fast monitoring, as it is very costly and basic element of power system to perform efficiently [11]. The Power Transformer is one of the highly cost and significant electrical equipment of a Power Transmission System; the loss of transformer failure can be very costly. To avoid these failures, different techniques, methods for protecting and monitoring are being processed. These losses also cost money and this money always are charged to the consumer [12]. The building of a power transformer changes by the manufactures. The basic need is requires the same and that has been change in past years. The main components of the power transformer are the core, winding, insulation and tank [14]. As power transformer period, which added the chances of losses? Losses are mostly set off by severe states, such as lighting strikes, switching transients, short circuits, or other disturbance. When the transformer is new, it is necessary electrical and mechanical power to stand with uncertain system states [12]. 3.2 Power transformer Fault Analysis Techniques As come out faults became more and the working demands of the electric power grid became more rigorous, the demand for automatic fault became an essential. The Power Transformer is 39 one of the highly cost and significant electrical equipment of a Power Transmission System; the loss of transformer failure can be very costly [5]. To avoid these failures, different techniques, methods for protecting and monitoring are being processed. These losses also cost money and this money always are charged to the consumer [7]. So the main objective of this work is to analyses the transformer faults in the electrical system by the compensation of the insulation breakdown between windings and earth, breakdown between different phases, breakdown occur in between adjacent turns and transformer core faults. Since many operational cases of transformer failures are caused by inrush current problems and thus, the rapid distortion of inflow current from incipient fault is more necessary to avoid [11]. Therefore, measures must be taken to ensure that the Power transformer operates precisely to differentiate between fault and non-fault conditions to ensure service reliability. Many techniques are applied to compensate and to control the transformer faults by using different protection devices [12]. Now a day’s many different methods are used to reduce and control transformer internal faults. Major fault diagnostic and detection techniques includes such as dissolved gas analysis(DGA), degree of polymerization(DPA), partial discharge analysis(PDA), frequency response analysis(FRA), and transformer function measurement use different parameters. 3.2.1 FRA vs. Typical Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) In [1] the author used to describe DGA technique in order to analyze the internal fault detection of Power Transformer by using wavelet network. WNs are very effective system for faults detecting process proposed in present year. It also represents different analysis of WN measurements for diagnosing of internal faults [2]. It equates and analyzes the network procedures and simulating results of five WNs. According to this, the feed forward WN, this is used for fault detection in power transformer. In this research paper, DGA is such kind of optimization technique that has been used to modify WN [7]. The comparative analysis shows that WN output power mostly depending upon on the energizing function for suitable levels which measures in the capability of 85%–90% [3]. . 40 3.2.2 FRA vs. Typical Faults Analysis by using Swarm Optimization (SVM) In [2] the author described different states of Power Transformer which is used particle Swarm Optimization by using SVM. The requirements of SVM have different modifications on the classified results [5]. The system is established on oil DGA technique; the executing levels of transformer are classified into very good, better, best as considered fault states. As to classify PSO algorithm rules to modify SVM categorizer could improve the conditions judgment accuracy of transformer [2]. In this research, convergence factors, changing inertia and adaptive variation particle of these methods are presented to improve the transformer faults analysis algorithm. 3.2.3 Transformer Fault Detection by Bayesian Network and RSR theory In [3] research, the author describes Transformer Fault Detection by using Bayesian Network and RSR theory. Bayesian network’s has ability of handling with uncertain faults problems could have finite solution to the undependable results ensure by transformer fault detection [21]. RSR theory was used for reducing step down of BN classification system, which efficiently reduced the difficulty of network complexity, also decreased i/p of system and improve for actual analysis [19]. RSR is an efficient instrument to control incoherent and uncertain arising problems. This paper focused on the application of artificial intelligence algorithm for transformer fault detection, by combined BNC and RSR theory, and found a new algorithm pattern for transformer fault detection [3]. 3.2.4 A Novel Algorithm to diagnose Incipient Transformer Faults In [4] the author used Novel Algorithm to diagnose Incipient Transformer Faults. In this research work, a simple but efficient method is ensuring to analyze the internal faults in power transformer [14]. It manipulates i/p voltage, o/p potential and i/p electric flow at the power frequency and therefore current changing values can be calculated [16]. The set of algorithm is 41 used to differentiate mechanical transformer faults [17]. This research work represents an easy and effective method to diagnose mechanical defects in power transformer. 3.2.5 Multi-Kernel Support Vector classifier for Fault Analysis of Transformers In [5] author described Multi-Kernel Support Vector classifier for Fault Analysis of Transformers. This research work includes method named as (MKSVC), to examine DGA technique for fault detection of transformer [17]. MKSVC gives an idea to manipulate kernel classifications by one dimensional collection of different kernels [23]. The MKSVC technique is measured by using 315 fault data in comparing with different used systems. DGA is most famous technique for diagnosing internal faults of transformers recently [18]. 3.2.6 Mathematical equivalence techniques to measure transfer functions of transformers In [6] the author used mathematical equivalence techniques to measure transfer functions of transformers to find out different types of mechanical faults. The most commonly mechanical defects that are mostly find out by using the TF and happen many times, are disc-space changes, radial distortion and rotator shift [7]. A fault detection which includes fault type, position and states of faults by using TF case study[15]. The TF technique is relative technique and evaluate simulations should be analyzed with determine simulation results [16]. 3.2.7 Propagation characteristics of UHF partial discharge in power transformers In [7] the author describes the propagation characteristics of UHF partial discharge in power transformers with complex winding structure. The detection of (UHF) Electromagnetic wave (EM) produced by PD has been enforced in power transformer to detect insulation faults [8]. In this system, Gaussian impulse with different magnitude and breath is used for substitute PD electric flow [23]. In this research paper, the wavelet and no of occurrence of range for UHF signs are acquainted using representation techniques. The outcomes tell that PD position representing to winding is primary regulating element of generation feature of UHF signals [18]. 42 3.2.8 Extreme frequency technique based on FRA In [9] the author described extreme frequency technique for power transformer based on FRA [20]. In this research work, a new high grade-frequency black-box system of the power trans is presented for calculation of transferred brightening over voltages [21]. The experimental setup was carried out on 130-kVA and 36-MVA three-phase power transformers [21]. The presented calculation and measurement results confirm the validity of the proposed model for full and chopped lightning impulse voltages [20]. 3.2.9 Propagation characteristics of UHF partial discharge using FDTD In [8] the author used to examine UHF PD (partial discharge) Signal Propagation in Power Transformers by FDTD Modelling. The UHF method for analyzing PD sources in power transformers has become increasingly important in recent research [9]. This paper is concerned with ultra-high frequency (UHF) PD signal propagation in power transformers in the presence of conducting obstacles, which may represent the core, winding or other internal structures [10]. A study of the propagation of UHF signals excited by PD in a simple power transformer model has been carried out using FDTD simulation software [11]. The direction of flow of PD current plays a significant role that can affect the observed differential time delay by 1 or 2 ns when all other parameters are kept constant [18]. 3.3 Frequency Response Analysis Frequency Response Analysis (FRA) is method of analyzing circumstances and internal fault identifying of power transformers. The primary estimation of this technique is that transformer physical and insulating material throughout manufacturing levels are varied [13]. FRA technique is progressively used to analyze winding physical variations. In FRA technique, the TF of transformer is examined in different frequency values and established on this analysis different internal faults could analyze [18]. 43 In this work FRA technique is used to analyses the incipient faults that occurred in Power Transformers by developing model in Matlab Simulink. In FRA technique, power transformer can be made up of composite network of resistance, capacitances and inductances [11]. All modelling results executed for 132/11 kV, 40MVA power transformer that specifically established on data provided for this design. Any change in values of capacitances, resistances and inductances will lead noticeable variations in frequency behaviour of transformer [13]. Although various techniques are used in literature to analyze the incipient faults problem but it still motivates the researchers to develop the new methodologies or improve the existing ones to reduce the winding losses in the power transformer by the compensation of the insulation windings and earth, different phases, breakdown occur in between adjacent turns and transformer core faults. In this work, FRA technique is used to analyses the incipient faults that occurred in Power Transformers by developing model in Matlab Simulink and compensate the insulation windings and earth, different phases, breakdown occur in between adjacent turns and transformer core faults. This reduction in the internal faults helps to improve the power system and also reduce the electricity crises that have to face by overall world [23]. According to FRA technique, RLCM system is specifically needed for power arrangement faults detection that is capable to represent a physical mean of transformer monitoring [24]. Resistance, inductor, Capacitance circuit system is acquired for every portion in power system; any variation in transformer physical composition can head to variant in winding function. The power system is used to identify some possible variations in frequency results because of changes in transformer’s circumstances [22]. 44 A simple RLC model is shown in fig as describes: Figure 6: RLC Simulink Simple model The frequency range for FRA is usually from 12Hz up to 3MHz and the measure is established on the frequency responses of a transformer is evaluated by its capacitance and inductance disturbances, which are find by the geometrical structure of the transformer and features of materials used. However, mechanical faults alter the capacitive and inductive characteristics, which produce deflections in the FRA spectrum [14]. This means that FRA is a relative method, in which measurements are taken at beginning level is compared with values taken at a before level, then the variations in measurements of the frequency responses are detected to analyze mechanical variations inside the transformer [15]. Frequency response can be evaluated directly by sweep through frequency method or can be finding by impulse response methods [17]. Both methods have favours and limitations. For example, the impulse response method requires low evaluating time period, but it is most disturbances sensitive. On the other hand, the frequency sweep method requires longer time for the evaluation, but it is not much disturbance tender. 45 3.3.1 Impulse Frequency Response In the impulse frequency response, an impulse voltage that has enough frequency values is enforced to the object and both the taking voltage and other resulting responses voltage or current are measured together [11]. This frequency response method is established the transfer function which describes that the transfer function doesn’t account on the enforced signal when the system is linear and time invariant. Then measured signals are mathematically changed into the frequency domain by using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). The ratio among the FFT of the response signal and the enforced signal is the frequency response of the represent transfer function [15]. Disadvantages of the stimulate source that can develop enough power in the define frequency estimation, minimized power state of put in impulse at increasing frequencies extent the high limit of calculated frequency response, and the requirement for noise keeping methods are some of limitations of the impulse response [16]. 3.3.2 Frequency Sweep technique In this method, a sinusoidal voltage is enforced and the measureable values and level of the reaction voltage or current are measured at distinct frequencies values. This means that this is a direct method for finding the frequency response values, since the final result is already available after sweeping the after the already defined frequency limit [19]. 3.4 Transfer function The measurements of the transfer function are very tender diagnostic method to analyze mechanical changes of the dynamic component of a power transformer [17]. Distortion influenced by short circuit currents or transfer power may cause in changes of the transfer function [20]. For evaluation of transfer function with impulse frequency response method represented in this research work with a frequency constants low-states sinusoid signal with finding voltage V1 is applied at one end of power transformer and then take up again at another end which is going to be taken voltage V2. 46 The transfer function is given by Eq 4: H(ω) = V2(ω)/V1 (ω) When input voltage V (t), input current I (t) and resistance response R (t) are evaluated than three transfer functions may be followed as: Eq 5: Eq 6: Eq 7: TF1 = R (ω) ⁄ V (ω) TF2 = R (ω) ⁄ I (ω) TF3 = I (ω) ⁄ V (ω) TF1 is a transfer function which consists of input voltage and its response. TF2 is transfer functions which contain input current and its response. TF3 is transfer function which having input current and voltage that is the response of V (ω). For the study of FRA technique, a model is required which is capable to present a physical mean of transformer construction. Research studies also proved that RLCM model is specifically needed for power transformer faults analysis [22]. In this model which having the geometrical properties and dielectric dimensions, it is proposed that transformer windings consist of certain different portions. A RLC model is supposed for each section, such that is appropriate all electrical and physical dimensions of this portion. Hence, any alterations in transformer physical construction can extent to variations of transformer winding transfer function. 47 Chapter 4 Design of power transformer fault analysis based on FRA 48 4.1 Design Objectives The main objective of this thesis is to analyze reliability of power transformer faults by frequency response analysis (FRA). This thesis demonstrates the application of frequency response analysis technique to power transformer assessment. The reliability assessment of power transformer assessment resulted qualitative and quantitative frequency response analysis. This research work focus on analysis of internal faults that occurred in power transformer in electrical power system by analyzing different fault analysis techniques. So this research works using FRA technique in proposed model to detect internal faults in power transformer So, as to analyze the incipient faults that occurred in Power Transformer by designing the model by using MATLAB SIMULINK software The qualitative results help in focusing attention on main apparatus of power transformer that contributed to the unreliability of the system. 4.2 Proposed Work The proposed power transformer faults analysis by FRA method is designed using a simulation technique in Matlab Simulink software. The design is proposed to save the power transformer by internal faults and protect interference due to input currents. This research emphasizes on the compensation of the incipient faults to reduce the breakdown in the power system. For the compensation of the Power Transformer faults different POWER TRANSFORMER MODELING techniques are used like DGA, DPA, PDA and FRA. By using these techniques the power transformer faults can be analyze and improves as well as insulation between windings and core loss can be compensate according to the situation. In this work FRA technique is used to analyses the incipient faults that occurred in 49 Power Transformers by developing model in Matlab Simulink and compensate the insulation windings and earth, different phases, breakdown occur in between adjacent turns and transformer core faults. This reduction in the internal faults helps to improve the power system and also reduce the electricity crises that have to face by overall world. According to FRA technique, RLCM system is specifically needed for power arrangement faults detection that is capable to represent a physical mean of transformer monitoring. Resistance, inductor, Capacitance circuit system is acquired for every portion in power system; any variation in transformer physical composition can head to variant in winding function. The power system is used to identify some possible variations in frequency results because of changes in transformer’s circumstances. 4.2.1 Proposed Work System Diagram Figure 7: Proposed System Diagram 50 4.2.2 Description of Proposed Work The proper description of the proposed work is as follow In this matlab Simulink system, a three-phase, 60 Hz, 735 kV power system transmitting power from a power plant consisting of six 350 MVA generators to an equivalent network through a 600 km transmission line. The transmission line is split in two 300 km lines connected between buses B1,B2, and B3. In order to increase the transmission capacity, each line is series compensated by capacitors representing 40% of the line reactance. 4.2.3 Block Diagram of Proposed work Fault Breaker Machine Initialized 13.8/735kv Transformer B1 Circuit Breaker 330Mvar Series Compensat or 1 Circuit Breaker B2 100MW 735/230kv Transformer 250MW Figure 8: Block diagram of proposed work 51 330Mvar Series Compensat or 2 B3 30000MVA Source 4.2.4 Description of proposed work This demonstration use of three-phase blocks to study transients on a series-compensated 735-kV transmission system is as follows; In this proposed matlab Simulink system, a three-phase, 60 Hz, 735 kV power system transmitting power from a power plant consisting of six 350 MVA generators to an equivalent network through a 600 km transmission line. The transmission line is split in two 300 km lines connected between buses B1, B2, and B3. In order to increase the transmission capacity, each line is series compensated by capacitors representing 40% of the line reactance. Both lines are also shunt compensated by a 330 Mvar shunt reactance. The shunt and series compensation equipment are located at the B2 substation where a 300 MVA 735/230 kV transformer with a 25 kV tertiary winding feeds a 230 kV, 250 MW load. The series compensation subsystems are identical for the two lines. For each line, each phase of the series compensation module contains the series capacitor, a metal oxide varistor (MOV) is protecting the capacitor, and a parallel gap protecting the MOV. When the energy dissipated in the MOV exceeds a threshold level of 30 MJ, the gap simulated by a circuit breaker is fired. CB1 and CB2 are the two line circuit breakers. The generators are simulated with a Simplified Synchronous Machine block. Universal transformer blocks (two-windings and three-windings) are used to model the two transformers. Saturation is implemented on the transformer connected at bus B2. Voltages and currents are measured in B1, B2, and B3 blocks. These blocks are three-phase V-I Measurement blocks where voltage and current signals are sent to the Data Acquisition. 4.2.4.1 Fault and Line Switching The transient performance of this circuit when a line-to-ground and three-phase to ground faults are applied on line 1. The fault and the two line circuit breakers CB1 and CB2 are simulated with blocks from the three-phase library. Open the dialog boxes of CB1 and CB2. See how the initial breaker status and switching times are specified. A line-to-ground fault is applied on phase A at t 52 = 1cycle. The two circuit breakers which are initially closed are then open at t = 5 cycles, simulating a fault detection and opening time of 4 cycles. The fault is eliminated at t = 6 cycles, one cycle after line opening. 4.2.4.2 Line-to-Ground Fault By double click the Data Acquisition block and open the three scopes. Start the simulation. As the system has already been initialized (1500 MW generation at the 13.8 kV bus) with the Load Flow utility of the Power, the simulation starts in steady state. At t = 1 cycle a line-to-ground fault is applied and the fault current reaches 10 kA. During the fault, the MOV conducts at every half cycle and the energy dissipated in the MOV builds up to 13 MJ. At t = 5 cycles the line protection relays (not simulated) open breakers CB1 and CB2 and the energy stays constant at 13 MJ. As the maximum energy does not exceed the 30 MJ threshold level, the gap is not fired. After breaker opening the fault current drops to a small value and the line and series capacitance start to discharge through the fault and the shunt reactance. The fault current extinguishes at the first zero crossing after the opening order given to the fault breaker (t = 6 cycles). Then, the series capacitor stops discharging and its voltage oscillate around 220 kV. 4.2.4.3 Three-Phase-to-Ground Fault Change the fault type to a three-phase-to-ground fault by checking Phases A, B, and C in the Fault Breaker block. Restart the simulation. Notice that during the fault the energy dissipated in the MOV builds up faster that in the case of a line-to-ground fault. The energy reaches the 30 MJ threshold level after 3 cycles, one cycle before opening of the line breakers. As a result, the gap is fired and the capacitor voltage quickly discharges to zero through the damping circuit. 4.2.5 Electric circuit components By the design of power transformer fault analysis using FRA Measurements, a model of the power transformer is required to generate the fault data required to analyze the transformer 53 internal faults by simulating frequency responses. The Simulink Power system library browser in the Matlab/Simulink environment is used to model the power transformer fault analysis system, in which different values of frequencies are used with the standard required. The following components are used in faults simulation model: Three-phase breaker Three-phase voltage source Three-phase transformer Three -phase fault Three-phase V-I measurements Scope Current measurements 4.2.5.1 Three-phase breaker The Three-Phase Breaker block carries out a three phase circuit breaker which is connected in series with three phase elements that are to be switched. The breaker timing can be determined internally or externally by applying an external logic signal. 4.2.5.2 Three phase voltage source In Three-Phase voltage source, the voltages values can be measured out by applying voltages at three different phases. This block is implemented with internal RLC impedances values, these voltages source are connected in Y connection with neutral point that can be internally connected. 4.2.5.3 Three phase transformer In three phase transformer block, three-phase transformer is using in this project to measure the faults variation at three different position by using three phase of transformer. 54 4.2.5.4 Three-Phase faults The Three-Phase Fault block carries out a three-phase circuit breaker where the clearing and confining times can be determined. These faults can be determined by external Simulink signal, or from an internal control timer. The Three-Phase Fault block uses three breaker blocks that can be either switched open and close to phase-to-phase faults, phase-to-ground faults, or a combination of phase-to-phase and ground faults. In this project, some types of faults are simulated by the condition required for frequency responses of transformer faults detection. 4.2.5.5 Three phase V-I measurements In the three Phase V-I measurements block, different values of current and voltages can be measured. When connected with three phase element in series, it changes the three phase to line currents and voltages. 4.2.5.6 Scope The Scope block is to show signals produced during simulation. The Scope block may have multiple axes with independent y-axes. The Scope block allows the variation of time and the range of input values. The Scope displayed results can be changed by adjusting values of different parameter during the time of simulations. 4.2.5.7 Current measurements In current measurement block, different values of current waveform could be displayed. Different current measurements were used in the design of the Simulink model system in order to evaluate the every phase currents at several parts of the transformer. 55 Chapter 5 Results & Implementations 56 5.1 Frequency 60HZ BUS 1 Figure 9: Results at Bus 1(60Hz) 57 BUS 2 Figure 10: Results at Bus 2 (60Hz) 58 BUS 3 Figure 11: Results at Bus 3 (60Hz) 59 5.2 FREQUENCY 50HZ BUS 1 Figure 12: Results at Bus 1 (50Hz) 60 BUS 2 Figure 13: Results at Bus 2 (50Hz) 61 BUS 3 Figure 14: Results at Bus 3 (50Hz) 62 5.3 FREQUENCY 55 HZ BUS 1 Figure 15: Results at Bus 1 (55Hz) 63 BUS 2 Figure 16: Results at Bus 2 (55Hz) 64 BUS 3 Figure 17:Results at Bus 3 (55Hz) 65 Chapter 6 Conclusion 66 6.1 Conclusion This thesis will introduce an emergency field that is POWER TRANSFORMER FAULTS Analysis. It will describe technologies and techniques that take in place into power transformer fault analysis in systems. Furthermore simulations tools such as Matlab Simulink will be presented which are mainly used by the researchers of this technology field. Also it is being shown in practice how to create a complete Simulink model in Matlab Simulink, including the setting up step by step frequency response of transformer, the detection of faults at certain levels. The conclusion from this research arises is that Frequency Responses can compensate the internal faults in power system but there need different values of the frequencies and their regarding voltages and current values variations, and their values fully according to the load and for internal core and windings faults, the transformer values have to be measured at the regular interval and by using the number of buses in power system, although it also responsible for the cost. It is also seen that there are some other Faults Analysis methods that can be used for the power transformer faults compensation in the power system like DGA, RSR, MKSVC and UHF Partial Discharge etc. But it is seen from the whole work that the FRA is better than the other techniques in some aspects like it compensate and remove the internal faults from the system in frequency time response less than the other methods. 67 Chapter 7 References 68 7.1 References 1. Weigen Chen, Chong Pan, Yuxin Yun, and Yilu Liu,“Wavelet Networks in Power Transformers Diagnosis Using Dissolved Gas Analysis”, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery vol. 24, no.1; January 2009 2. Jinling Lu, Mijia Wu "Condition Assessment for Power Transformer Based on Improved Particle Swarm Optimization and Support Vector Machine”, IEEE, 2011 3. Qi-jia XIE Hui-xiong ZENG Ling RUAN Xiao-mingHai-long ZHANG “Transformer Fault Diagnosis based on Bayesian Network and Rough SetReduction Theory”, IEEE, 2013 4. J. Chong and A. 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