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Ethics Three “random” chats “knowing doing gap” Categories of normative sciences • Logic — things that are true • Aesthetics — things that are admirable • Ethics — things that are good Heroic figures in ethics • Aristotle — definitions • Kant — criteria • Perry — personal – versus communitarian • • • • Rawls — operational Professional — liability Habermas — dialogue Küng — empirical • Various schemes: William Perry • Levels of intellectual sophistication • Ethical development Dualism 1-3 • 1 Assumption of dualistic structure of world taken for granted, unexamined • 2 Truth exists, but not all authorities are knowledgeable • 3 Absolute truth has not been discovered, yet Multiplicity 4-6 • 4 Knowledge is not secure but is any person’s • 5 Knowledge is always changing or subject to change Commitment to realism 6-9 • 6 Knowledge is not something that is external and definite but something that each individual constructs Initial commitment • 7 Knowledge is the world view one has constructed from learning and experience, along with the ethical implications of this view • 8 Knowledge is a creative resolution between uncertainty and the need to act • 9 Individual must break through to new perspectives and discard those no longer useful Perry summary • • • • 9 levels 1-3 absolute 4-~6 relative ~6-9 personal Professional ethics • Avoiding legal problems • Privacy, permission Purpose • Ends • Means • Rationalisable – E.g., historical, economic • Objective/subjective Ethics v meta-ethics • • • • • • • Environmental ethics Sadism Marxism (ideology & false consciousness) Feminism Hedonism Virtue ethics Utilitarianism continued… • • • • • • Deontology Consequentialism Situation ethics Monism v pluralism Utilitarianism Virtue ethics continued… • Relativism • Absolutism – Universalism – Realism – Absolutism (Perry position 1!) • Machiavelli – Private – Public HCI stances • • • • • • • Standards IS09471 User’s task Usability Cost-effectiveness Metrics. Empirical Design Enjoyment ‘Usability’ as applied ethics • Kant’s categorical imperative • Reciprocity – Help lines? – Bug reports? – User participation? (evaluation…) Kant • Criterion • Some ‘nice’ principles – E.g., reciprocity, universalisability Küng’s 6 rules • Solving problems: don’t create greater problems • Burden of proof: demonstrate avoids human or environmental damage • Common good: e.g., benefits the community, for a period • Urgency: e.g., survival more important than privacy …continued • Ecology: system more important than individuals • Reversibility: system must be reversible, removable, not cause dependency Post-marxist critical theory • One dimensional man (Marcuse) – “I shop therefore I am” • Atomised (Lyotard) – What is choice/democracy when you have 500 channels of TV? What I want • Operational ethics • Bridge ‘knowing-doing gap’ Justice • • • • Distributive Restorative Punitive Political Aristotle’s view • Doing good for others • Only virtue you can’t fake Justice by programming • Fair chocolate bar John Rawls • • • • Justice Veil of ignorance Creating a just world Creating a just system Conclusions • Ethics v politics • CS is politics • Get involved! Next lecture — Thursday 2pm An ethical debate on tags and tagging Where from? • Communitarian • Individual • Artificial