Download india, pakistan & afghanistan

HINDUISM, BUDDHISM &
SIKHISM
Hinduism
• Strongly tied to:
– Indian history and culture
– Indus Valley Civilization
– Aryan culture, language and social
organization
Indo-European Migration
• 1500 BCE The Aryans migrate into Indus
Valley
• Vedas - Sacred literature passed down
through oral tradition
• Bring Sanskrit - classical Indian language
Aryans - Caste System
• Dasas did the work no Aryan
would do
• Varna or skin color was a
feature of this system, (varnas)
• Later called “castes”
• Grew more complex over time
• Caste was determined at birth
• Affected all aspects of social life,
including work and marriage
• Those considered impure were
outside of caste or “untouchables”
• Static social system/could not
advance
• Caste became associated with
religion
HINDUISM
• Ancient religion w/origins in the
Aryan hymns - the Vedas
• Cannot be traced to one founder or
set of beliefs
• Complex interaction of many
deities, evolves over time to be…
• Seen as a way of liberating the soul
from worldly concerns
HINDU TRINITY
• Brahman -world
soul
• Three natures
• Brahma - Creator
• Shiva - Destroyer
• Vishnu - Protector
Reincarnation
Reincarnation, rebirth
and re-death
• Karma - good and bad
deeds follow you
• Dharma predetermined moral
duty, linked to caste,
symbol is wheel
• Don’t question dharma
UPANISHADS
Hindu Religious Writings
• Seek a single religious truth in the
many Hindu deities and rituals
• Brahman - world soul
• World soul contains and unites all
individual souls
Ganesha
Most Widely Worshipped
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Hinduism
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Vishnu the
Protector
“OM”
Represents the Hindu Trinity
Quic kTime™ and a
TIFF (Unc ompres sed) dec ompres sor
are needed to see this pic ture.
Swastika - Ancient
Hindu Symbol
Well being
Corrupted by Nazis
BUDDHISM
•
•
•
•
Founded by Siddhartha Gautama
Born in 663 BCE in Nepal as a local prince
Becomes disenchanted w/ worldly pleasures
Explores Hindu beliefs and tries strict selfdenial of the ascetics, but rejects this path
• Meditates under Bo Tree, faces temptations
• Transformed to the Buddha, “enlightened
one”, 45 year ministry
Buddhist Beliefs
•
•
•
•
Accept reincarnation, dharma, karma
Reject worship of Hindu Gods
Progress of soul depends on person’s deeds
Four Noble Truths - Life is filled with
suffering and sorrow; suffering caused by
desire for life’s pleasures; end suffering by
ending desire; follow 8 Fold Path
FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS
• Life is filled with suffering and sorrow;
• suffering caused by desire for life’s
pleasures;
• end suffering by ending desire;
• follow 8 Fold Path
THE EIGHT FOLD PATH
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Right views
Right intentions
Right speech
Right Action
Right living
Right effort or work
Right mindfulness
Right meditation
• Goal is to achieve nirvana, not “heaven”,
but perfect peace, release from suffering
and pain
• Release from reincarnation
• Opposed by powerful Brahmins
• Buddhism declines in India but spreads East
and flourishes in China, Japan, Korea and
SEA
• Monks, nuns,take vows of poverty, chastity
Tripitaka
• Collection of Buddhist Sacred Writings
– Sermons of Buddha
– Interpretation of Buddhist doctrine
– Rules of monastic life
Buddhist Monks
Play a Political Role
STUPAS
• Buddhist monuments
• Contain relics
• Mark the resting place
of an enlightened
being
• Commemorate holy
sites
• Mark the way for
pilgrims
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed
to see thisand
picture.
QuickTime™
a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompress ed) dec ompres sor
are needed t o s ee this pic ture.
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
SIKHISM
• 1500 CE Arose in Punjab
• Guru Nanak - “God’s Path” between Hindu
and Muslim (arose in Hindu culture
dominated by Muslim rulers)
• Monotheistic religion
• Holy Book - Guru Granth Sahib
• No caste or use of images in worship
• But belief in reincarnation
• Headquarters - Golden Temple in Amritsar
Guru Granth Sahib
The Eternal Teacher
What Sikhs believe
• One God - shapeless timeless and omnipresent
• Reincarnation until the soul is ready to unite with
God
• Guidance of the “ten gurus”from Guru Nanak to
Guru Gobind Singh
• Leading a moral and purposeful life
• Defending their faith and protecting the
community
• Gender equality
GURU NANAK
Sikhism - Five K’s
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Readiness to defend a faith under attack
All begin with K in Punjabi
Uncut hair - symbol of strength, uplifted
Comb - orderliness
Dagger - defense (now symbolic)
Steel Bracelet - shield, shackled to God
Shorts - mobility
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.