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India • Natural barriers protect India –Hindu Kush & Himalaya Mtns. –Indian Ocean • 2 major rivers –Indus –Ganges • Seasonal winds--monsoons • Winter/NE Monsoon –Cool air from mountains • Summer/SW Monsoon –Rain from ocean India • 3000 BC-1500 BC: Harappan Civilization – Main cities—Harappa & MohenjoDaro – Streets in grid pattern – Brick houses & sewers – Indoor bathrooms India Great Bath Wells • 1500 BC—Indo-Aryans migrated into India through Khyber Pass –Nomadic herders –Tribal chief—raja • Word for war meant “desire for more cows” • Cattle now pulls plow=ban on eating meat • Strict vegetarians • Language- Sanskrit • 4 classes or varnas: – Brahmins (Priests) – Kshatriyas (Warriors & rulers) – Vaisyas (Merchants, artisans, farmers) – Sudras (Unskilled workers) • “Pariahs” = untouchables • Each varna had “jatis” (jobs) ex: shoemakers, potters, farmers, metal workers – Born into jati • Rules on where you could live & who you could marry 2 important epics 1.) Mahabharata 2.) Ramayana “Rama’s Journey” Hinduism • Many forms of one god • 4 holy books—the Vedas • Rig Veda—oldest religious text still in use • Reincarnation—rebirth of soul • Karma—(how you live life determines what you will be reborn as) Click here for Hindu Creation Story. • New ideas—Upanishads –All animals have souls –All souls are part of one eternal spirit—Brahman Nerguna • Fasting & yoga • Dharma—Duties • Ahimsa—non-violence toward all living creatures • Moksha—union with Brahman Founder of Buddhism Siddhartha Gautama 534 BC—Prince Gautama saw pain & death Wanted to know… 1. why people suffered 2. how to end it Great Renunciation-7 years journey-- Gautama gave up everything & lived as beggar Called Buddha—“enlightened one” Four Noble Truths 1.) All people suffer & know sorrow 2.) People suffer because their desires bind them to reincarnation 3.) To end suffering, end desire 4.) To end desire, follow the Eight Fold Path 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Eight Fold Path Right Views (seeing the truth) Right Intentions (striving toward perfection) Right Speech (avoiding lies & gossip) Right Action (obeying laws & being honest) Right Living (not harming others) Right Effort (preventing evil) Right Mindfulness (awareness of one’s self) Right Concentration (meditation) Buddhism doesn’t believe in the Hindu caste system— anyone can reach “nirvana” regardless of class 1.) Theravada Original teachings See Buddha as teacher 2.) Mahayana Worship Buddha as a savior and god Indian Empires 1.) Mauryan Empire (320 BC-185 BC) Emperor Asoka had experience similar to Buddha’s Saw death on battle & converted to Buddhism Rock Edicts- Asoka’s laws Free hospitals & vets Buddhist missionaries Built stupas (dome shaped shrine with Buddhist objects inside) Dharma is good, but what constitutes Dharma? (It includes) little evil, much good, kindness, generosity, truthfulness and purity. Pilar Edict Nb2 And noble deeds of Dharma and the practice of Dharma consist of having kindness, generosity, truthfulness, purity, gentleness and goodness increase among the people. Rock Pilar Nb7 It is my desire that there should be uniformity in law and uniformity in sentencing. I even go this far, to grant a three-day stay for those in prison who have been tried and sentenced to death. During this time their relatives can make appeals to have the prisoners' lives spared. If there is none to appeal on their behalf, the prisoners can give gifts in order to make merit for the next world, or observe fasts. Pilar Edict Nb4 In the twenty-six years since my coronation prisoners have been given amnesty on twentyfive occasions. Pilar Edict Nb5 Twenty-six years after my coronation various animals were declared to be protected –that are neither useful nor edible. Those nanny goats, ewes and sows which are with young or giving milk to their young are protected, and so are young ones less than six months old. One animal is not to be fed to another.—Edict on Fifth Pillar The edicts also proclaim that many followed the king's example in giving up the slaughter of animals; one of them proudly states: Our king killed very few animals.—Edict on Fifth Pillar Here (in my domain) no living beings are to be slaughtered or offered in sacrifice. Rock Edict Nb1 Contact (between religions) is good. One should listen to and respect the doctrines professed by others. Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi, desires that all should be welllearned in the good doctrines of other religions. Rock Edict Nb12 Along roads I have had banyan trees planted so that they can give shade to animals and men, and I have had mango groves planted. At intervals of eight //krosas//, I have had wells dug, rest-houses built, and in various places, I have had watering-places made for the use of animals and men. But these are but minor achievements. Such things to make the people happy have been done by former kings. I have done these things for this purpose, that the people might practice the Dhamma. Pilar Edict Nb7 232 BC—Asoka died &empire declined 184 BC—Emperor murdered by one of his generals 2.) Gupta Empire 320 AD—Chandra Gupta I Hindu Developed zero (0) New number symbols—1-9 (Arabic Numerals) Understood Earth was round & identified 7 planets with naked eye Doctors set broken bones, gave vaccines, & disinfected wounds & tools China Huang River (Yellow River) “China’s Sorrow” –Yellow soil (loess) Dikes (walls) protect crops Shang Dynasty st 1700 BC—1 dynasty Mandate of Heaven— gods chose kings Shang art –Bronze, jade, & ivory –Silk –Porcelain Shang religion –Animism (spirits in everything) –Oracle bones (to communicate w/ ancestors) 1100 BC—AD 200, China will be ruled by 3 very powerful dynasties –Zhou—ruled China for 800 years –Qin –Han 1.) Zhou Dynasty 1050 BC-256 BC Ruler was “Son of Heaven” Territory in exchange for service & loyalty Iron plows Wicked King Yu 2.) Qin Dynasty 221 BC—Cheng changed name “Qin st Shi Huangdi” (1 emperor) Lasts 15 years Qin->China Autocracy: emperor w/ total power –Uniform weights, coins, writing –Book burning & killed critics Writing became art— calligraphy Great Wall of China –Protect China from northern invasion Can you see the Great Wall from space? Nobles (angry at loss of power) Peasants angry (hard labor on Wall) 210 BC—Shihuangdi died –Tomb w/ Terracotta Warriors 3.) Han Dynasty 206 BC—General Liu Bang (a peasant) drove the Qin out Emperor at top, ruled with mandate from heaven Upper class of palace court, nobles, government officials, scholars Second, largest class consisted of peasants, who grew empire’s food Third class composed of artisans, made useful items, luxury goods Merchants occupied fourth class, trade not valued by Confucianism Slaves at bottom of society Military not an official class, but part of government and offered way to rise in status Longest ruling emperor—Liu Ch’e Wu Ti (140-87 BC) Han ruled area larger than Roman Empire Silk Road—trade route between east & west yr period called Pax Sinica—Chinese Peace Civil service exams- to get most qualified Mandarins (educated bureaucrats) 400 Chinese Inventions Invented paper, silk, porcelain, compass, acupuncture, gunpowder How silk is made… Legalism Ruling philosophy during Qin Dynasty –Humans are naturally selfish –Intellect and literacy are discouraged –Law is supreme authority (replaces morality) –Ruler must be a strong punisher Confucianism 551 BC—Confucius born Concerned w/: –Social unrest –How leadership could solve problems Confucianism= ORDER Know your role Live according to ethics Organizing Principles Status Age Gender Zi gong (a disciple of Confucius) asked: "Is there any one word that could guide a person throughout life?" The Master replied: "How about 'shu' [reciprocity]: never impose on others what you would not choose for yourself." Analects XV.24 Sayings from the Analects Knowing what he knows, and knowing what he doesn’t know are characteristics of a person who knows. Making a mistake and not correcting it is making another mistake. The superior man blames himself; the inferior man blames others. To go too far is as wrong as to fall short. 5 relationships –Ruler & subject –Parent & child –Husband & wife –Old & young –Friend & friend Taoism (Daoism) Developed by Laozi (Lao Tzu) “The Way” Didn’t accept formal social structures Wrote ideas in Dao De Jing Laozi said Taoist should –Reject wealth –Reject power –Reject ambition –Reject social structures –Reject formal codes of behavior –Get in touch w/ nature Yin and Yang—2 opposite forces that must be in harmony –Yin Cool, dark, female, passive –Yang Warm, light, male, aggressive Compassion Humility Moderation Although Confucianism and Taoism seem opposite, a person could be both -Confucianism for government –Taoism to achieve harmony with nature