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India
• Natural barriers protect India
–Hindu Kush & Himalaya Mtns.
–Indian Ocean
• 2 major rivers
–Indus
–Ganges
• Seasonal winds--monsoons
• Winter/NE Monsoon
–Cool air from mountains
• Summer/SW Monsoon
–Rain from ocean
India
• 3000 BC-1500 BC: Harappan
Civilization
– Main cities—Harappa & MohenjoDaro
– Streets in grid pattern
– Brick houses & sewers
– Indoor bathrooms
India
Great Bath
Wells
• 1500 BC—Indo-Aryans
migrated into India through
Khyber Pass
–Nomadic herders
–Tribal chief—raja
• Word for war meant “desire
for more cows”
• Cattle now pulls plow=ban on
eating meat
• Strict vegetarians
• Language- Sanskrit
• 4 classes or varnas:
– Brahmins (Priests)
– Kshatriyas (Warriors & rulers)
– Vaisyas (Merchants, artisans,
farmers)
– Sudras (Unskilled workers)
• “Pariahs” = untouchables
• Each varna had “jatis” (jobs) ex:
shoemakers, potters, farmers, metal
workers
– Born into jati
• Rules on where you could live &
who you could marry
2 important epics
1.) Mahabharata
2.) Ramayana “Rama’s
Journey”
Hinduism
• Many forms of one god
• 4 holy books—the Vedas
• Rig Veda—oldest religious text still in
use
• Reincarnation—rebirth of soul
• Karma—(how you live life determines
what you will be reborn as)
Click here for Hindu Creation Story.
• New ideas—Upanishads
–All animals have souls
–All souls are part of one
eternal spirit—Brahman
Nerguna
• Fasting & yoga
• Dharma—Duties
• Ahimsa—non-violence
toward all living creatures
• Moksha—union with
Brahman
Founder of
Buddhism
Siddhartha
Gautama

534 BC—Prince Gautama saw
pain & death
 Wanted to know…
1. why people
suffered
2. how to end it

Great Renunciation-7 years
journey-- Gautama gave up
everything & lived as beggar
 Called Buddha—“enlightened one”

Four Noble Truths
1.) All people suffer & know sorrow
2.) People suffer because their desires bind
them to reincarnation
3.) To end suffering, end desire
4.) To end desire, follow the Eight Fold
Path

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Eight Fold Path
Right Views (seeing the truth)
Right Intentions (striving toward perfection)
Right Speech (avoiding lies & gossip)
Right Action (obeying laws & being honest)
Right Living (not harming others)
Right Effort (preventing evil)
Right Mindfulness (awareness of one’s self)
Right Concentration (meditation)

Buddhism doesn’t believe in
the Hindu caste system—
anyone can reach “nirvana”
regardless of class
1.) Theravada
 Original teachings
 See Buddha as teacher
2.) Mahayana
 Worship Buddha as a savior and god
Indian Empires
1.) Mauryan Empire (320 BC-185 BC)
 Emperor Asoka had experience similar
to Buddha’s
 Saw death on battle & converted to
Buddhism

Rock Edicts- Asoka’s laws
 Free hospitals & vets
 Buddhist missionaries
 Built stupas (dome shaped
shrine with Buddhist objects
inside)


Dharma is good, but what constitutes Dharma?
(It includes) little evil, much good, kindness,
generosity, truthfulness and purity. Pilar Edict
Nb2
And noble deeds of Dharma and the practice of
Dharma consist of having kindness,
generosity, truthfulness, purity, gentleness and
goodness increase among the people. Rock
Pilar Nb7


It is my desire that there should be uniformity
in law and uniformity in sentencing. I even go
this far, to grant a three-day stay for those in
prison who have been tried and sentenced to
death. During this time their relatives can
make appeals to have the prisoners' lives
spared. If there is none to appeal on their
behalf, the prisoners can give gifts in order to
make merit for the next world, or observe
fasts. Pilar Edict Nb4
In the twenty-six years since my coronation
prisoners have been given amnesty on twentyfive occasions. Pilar Edict Nb5



Twenty-six years after my coronation various
animals were declared to be protected –that are
neither useful nor edible. Those nanny goats,
ewes and sows which are with young or giving
milk to their young are protected, and so are
young ones less than six months old. One
animal is not to be fed to another.—Edict on
Fifth Pillar
The edicts also proclaim that many followed
the king's example in giving up the slaughter
of animals; one of them proudly states:
Our king killed very few animals.—Edict on
Fifth Pillar


Here (in my domain) no living beings are to be
slaughtered or offered in sacrifice. Rock Edict
Nb1
Contact (between religions) is good. One
should listen to and respect the doctrines
professed by others. Beloved-of-the-Gods,
King Piyadasi, desires that all should be welllearned in the good doctrines of other
religions. Rock Edict Nb12

Along roads I have had banyan trees planted so
that they can give shade to animals and men,
and I have had mango groves planted. At
intervals of eight //krosas//, I have had wells
dug, rest-houses built, and in various places, I
have had watering-places made for the use of
animals and men. But these are but minor
achievements. Such things to make the people
happy have been done by former kings. I have
done these things for this purpose, that the
people might practice the Dhamma. Pilar Edict
Nb7
232 BC—Asoka died
&empire declined
 184 BC—Emperor murdered
by one of his generals

2.) Gupta Empire
 320 AD—Chandra Gupta I
 Hindu
 Developed zero (0)
 New number symbols—1-9 (Arabic
Numerals)
Understood Earth was round &
identified 7 planets with naked
eye
 Doctors set broken bones, gave
vaccines, & disinfected wounds
& tools

China
Huang
River (Yellow
River) “China’s
Sorrow”
–Yellow soil (loess)
Dikes
(walls) protect crops
Shang Dynasty
st
1700 BC—1
dynasty
Mandate of
Heaven— gods
chose kings
Shang
art
–Bronze,
jade, &
ivory
–Silk
–Porcelain
Shang
religion
–Animism (spirits in
everything)
–Oracle bones (to
communicate w/
ancestors)
1100
BC—AD 200, China will
be ruled by 3 very powerful
dynasties
–Zhou—ruled China for 800
years
–Qin
–Han
1.) Zhou Dynasty
1050 BC-256 BC
Ruler was “Son of
Heaven”
Territory in exchange for
service & loyalty
Iron plows
Wicked King Yu
2.)
Qin Dynasty
221 BC—Cheng
changed name “Qin
st
Shi Huangdi” (1
emperor)
Lasts 15 years
Qin->China
Autocracy:
emperor
w/ total power
–Uniform weights,
coins, writing
–Book burning &
killed critics
Writing
became art—
calligraphy
Great
Wall of China
–Protect China from
northern invasion
Can you see the Great Wall from space?
Nobles
(angry at loss
of power)
Peasants angry (hard
labor on Wall)
210 BC—Shihuangdi
died
–Tomb w/ Terracotta
Warriors
3.) Han Dynasty
206 BC—General
Liu Bang (a
peasant) drove the
Qin out






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Emperor at top, ruled with mandate from
heaven
Upper class of palace court, nobles, government
officials, scholars
Second, largest class consisted of peasants, who
grew empire’s food
Third class composed of artisans, made useful
items, luxury goods
Merchants occupied fourth class, trade not
valued by Confucianism
Slaves at bottom of society
Military not an official class, but part of
government and offered way to rise in status
Longest
ruling
emperor—Liu Ch’e
Wu Ti (140-87 BC)
Han ruled area
larger than Roman
Empire
Silk
Road—trade route
between east & west
yr period called Pax
Sinica—Chinese Peace
Civil service exams- to
get most qualified
Mandarins (educated
bureaucrats)
400
Chinese Inventions
Invented
paper,
silk, porcelain,
compass,
acupuncture,
gunpowder
How silk is made…
Legalism
 Ruling
philosophy during Qin
Dynasty
–Humans are naturally selfish
–Intellect and literacy are
discouraged
–Law is supreme authority (replaces
morality)
–Ruler must be a strong punisher
Confucianism
551 BC—Confucius born
Concerned w/:
–Social unrest
–How leadership could
solve problems
Confucianism=
ORDER
Know your role
Live according to
ethics
Organizing Principles
Status
Age
Gender
 Zi
gong (a disciple of Confucius)
asked: "Is there any one word
that could guide a person
throughout life?"
The Master replied: "How about
'shu' [reciprocity]: never impose
on others what you would not
choose for yourself." Analects
XV.24
Sayings from the Analects
Knowing what he knows, and knowing
what he doesn’t know are characteristics
of a person who knows.
 Making a mistake and not correcting it is
making another mistake.
 The superior man blames himself; the
inferior man blames others.
 To go too far is as wrong as to fall short.

5
relationships
–Ruler & subject
–Parent & child
–Husband & wife
–Old & young
–Friend & friend
Taoism (Daoism)
Developed
by Laozi (Lao
Tzu)
“The Way”
Didn’t accept formal social
structures
Wrote ideas in Dao De Jing
Laozi
said Taoist should
–Reject wealth
–Reject power
–Reject ambition
–Reject social structures
–Reject formal codes of
behavior
–Get in touch w/ nature
Yin
and Yang—2 opposite
forces that must be in
harmony
–Yin
Cool, dark, female, passive
–Yang
Warm, light, male,
aggressive
Compassion
Humility
Moderation
Although
Confucianism and
Taoism seem opposite, a
person could be both
-Confucianism for
government
–Taoism to achieve
harmony with nature