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Early Civilizations of India, Pakistan and China Concepts and Definitions India How does geography effect India? Where and what were India’s first civilizations? Why did they decline? Who were the Aryans? What were some of their cultural contributions? Describe the caste system Describe the principles of Buddhism and Hinduism Vocabulary and Places Caste- know all five classes Indus River, Ganges River Himalaya Mountains Hinduism Buddhism Karma Dharma patriarchal society nirvana Geography of India Geography major force shaping the early cultures of India Himalaya Mountains to the north, ocean to the south Central India-Deccan Plateau –a dry area not good for supporting agriculture. coast is a good agricultural region, densest populations. Two major river systems The Ganges and the Indus- begin in the Himalayas. The first civilizations grew up around the Indus River Valley Geography of India Monsoons were a defining feature of life Monsoon rains come in the summer and in the winter the wind shifts direction and bring it brings hot, dry air Monsoons bring rain to agricultural areas What if the monsoons came too early or late? India’s First Civilizations Along the Indus River valley in present day Pakistan, civilization flourished from 3,0001500 B.C. Two major cities were Harappa and MohenjoDaro Very little is known about this culture because archeologists have yet to decipher their writing Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro Each city around 35,000 people well planned with grid streets, raised buildings and a sewer system The uniformity suggests cities had well organized governments Like all ancient civilizations, religion and political power were closely linked Harappan economy was based on agriculture and they trade extensively with Mesopotamian civilizations Environmental factors and invasion led to the downfall of the Harappan culture These cities were not discovered until the 1920’s Question #1 Using your notes and the book (pages 72-73) describe features of Harappan culture that demonstrate they were an advanced civilization. Invaders Aryans, a nomadic group from central Asia, crossed the HinduKush mountains and conquered the region around 1500 B.C. The Aryans created a new society in India. They eventually controlled most of northern India The Aryans settled down and became agriculturists. They used iron, a new invention, to clear land. They grew grains in the arid north, rice, cotton and spices were grown in the south and along the river valleys Aryan Life The Aryans developed a written language , Sanskrit around 1000B.C. They wrote religious rituals, legends that had previously been passed down orally The writings reveal that early Aryan culture was ruled by rajas. Each had a small state and fought each other Question #2- What are the advantages of passing on cultural knowledge orally and passing it on through writing? What are the disadvantages? Society in Ancient India Aryan conquest had long lasting effects on India Created social divisions and a set of social institutions that last even today- this is known as the caste system Caste System pages 74-77 Important Indian social creation It sets up a rigid hierarchy that determines a persons occupation, economic potential and social status It was based in part on a persons skin color- the Aryan conquers were had lighter skin than the native Indians The five castes are- Brahman, Kshatriyas, Viasyas, Sudras and the Untouchables Caste System Known as jati There are thousands of castes in India. Brahmans- top of society, usually priests, in charge of religious ceremonies Kshatriayas- typically warriors, as society changed they found new forms of employment Vaisyas- commoners, merchants and farmers Caste System Sudras- most people in India, peasants that preformed manual labor, had limited rights Untouchables- the lowest class, did jobs other Indians would not accept, collecting trash, handling dead bodies, lived away from others, not considered human Family Life in Ancient India Life centered on the family unit Ideal family had three generation living under one roof (grandparents, parents and children) Oldest male was head of the household (patriarchal society) Men were educated, taught by a guru Marriage was important and arranged by the parents Symbol of dominance by men was the suttee. It was a funeral pyre that women had to throw themselves on top of after the death of their husband Hinduism – “God is one but wise people know it by many names” One of the worlds most complex religions Hinduism has no single founder or sacred text Mixture of Aryan beliefs and native Indian beliefs Hinduism has many different gods and goddesses because to Hindus Brahman is too complex for most people to understand Hindu Beliefs Hinduism is a polytheistic religion Important GodsBrahma the Creator Vishnu the Preserver Shiva the Destroyer Each represents an aspects of Brahman- they can take many different forms and each is worshiped by different people Each god also has a family Sacred Texts Hindu teaching recorded in the Vedas and the Upanishads Bhagavad-Gita spells out many ethical ideas central to Hinduismimportance of duty over desire and ambition Hindu Goal of Life Every person has an essential self (atman) Ultimate goal of existence is to achieve moksha, a union with Brahman To do this you must free yourself from personal, selfish desire Most do not achieve moksha in one lifetime Hindus believe in –reincarnation- rebirth of the soul in another bodily form- allows Hindus to achieve moksha through many lifetimes Karma and Dharma Easier to achieve moksha if you follow rules of karma Karma- all of the actions in this life will effect your next life. Symbolized by the wheel of fate To escape wheel of fate need to perform the religious and moral duties of a Hindu- dharma. obeying dharma a person acquires merit for the next life. concepts of karma and dharma ensure social order by supporting the caste system Assignment Describe the relationship between the caste system, dharma. Why are sacred texts important to many religions? Buddhism pages 78-79 In the sixth century B.C. a son of a local ruling family in northern India named Siddhartha Gautama founded a new religion This religion would spread across Asia and become one of the world’s most influential religions He wanted to escape the trappings of his good life and “discover” the true meaning of life After searching and wandering he meditated under a tree for forty-eight days and understood the cause of suffering. He became the Buddha, “The Enlightened One” Buddhism Goal of Buddhist life is to attain nirvana that is the end of self and the union with the Great World soul. All life is suffering, caused by human attachment to the material world. Once people let go of this attachment worldly pain and suffering are forgotten The Four Noble Truths 1. Ordinary life is full of suffering 2. Suffering is caused by our desire to satisfy ourselves 3. The way to end suffering is to end desire for selfish goals and to see others as an extension of ourselves 4. The way to end desire is to follow the Middle Path Middle Path 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Right View Right Intention Right Speech Right Action Right Effort Right Livelihood Right Mindfulness Right Concentrationmeditation Buddhism and Hinduism Compared Both grew from the same traditions Both stress nonviolence, karma, dharma, nonviolence, and a cycle of rebirth Hinduism had formal rituals and many gods Buddhism had rejected rituals, individuals seek spiritual enlightenment through meditation, nirvana was offered to all regardless of birth. Indian Empires and Culture 400 B.C. to 500 A.D. Concepts and Definitions to know People Chandragupta Maurya Asoka Aryabhata Cultural Items and Places Silk Road Stupa Rock chamber Mauryan Dynasty pages 81-82 In 400 B.C. the Aryan rule was in decline and India was comprised of warring rajas. India faced a new threat from the west-Persia and then from the Macedonian general Alexander the Great Chandragupta Maurya founded the first great empire in India around 350 B.C. to 301 B.C. The Mauryan Empire waged war to gain power Mauryan Dynasty The Mauryan Empire: Had a large army and secret police Had a highly centralized government The empire was divided into four provinces ruled by local governors To pay for the government the people, agriculture and industry were heavily taxed Mauryan Empire under Asoka Thirty two years after the death of Chandragupta his grandson Asoka became the ruler Many consider him the greatest ruler ever in India Early in his reign he used the military to expand the power of the empire After a battle where over 100,000 soldiers died he converted to Buddhism and adopted a policy of nonviolence Mauryan Empire under Asoka After his conversion he advocated religious tolerance, treated his subjects humanely, opened hospitals Throughout the empire he erected large stone pillars with his edicts He built roads and planted trees to make travel easier He sent out missionaries to spread Buddhist teachings He disbanded the secret police and the government looked out for peoples welfare A Period of Turmoil After the death of Asoka period of war and disunity new kingdom in northern India dominated by trade trade connections and political instability elsewhere people from central Asia, Greece and Persia settle in northern India. migration added to and created instability in Indian culture. southern India - Tamil Empire dominated they practiced different religion (Jainism) and spoke a different language (Tamil) Kushan Kingdom and the Silk Road pages 83-84 Kingdom in Bactria (now Afghanistan) Established in the first century A.D. Kingdom prospered through trade. Trade route that from China to the Mediterranean (Roman Empire). The Silk Road was established between 200 B.C. and 100 A.D. Trade goods from Rome were traded for silks and spices from Asia. The goods traveled on camel caravans The Silk Road Gupta Empire pages 84-85 In the third century A.D. invaders from Persia overran the Kushan Empire replaced by the Gupta Empire The empire efficiently run engaged in trade with the Mediterranean. More power in the hands of the local rulers. Many religious pilgrims came to India to visit major Buddhist religious centers fifth century A.D. the Guptas were invaded by the nomadic Huns empire declined. India would not be united for hundreds of years Indian Culture pages 85-86 Indian Literature- passed down orally, after the Aryan invasions it was written in Sanskrit Bhagvad Gita- sermon by the god Krishna about taking action because of the moral rightness of it Indian Architecture and Science Buddha inspired architecture of Asoka. architecture of the Mauryan Dynasty served religious purposes. stupa, the pillar and the rock chamber examples of Indian architecture. Pillars- most famous examples of Asoka’s reign. placed along roads had the sayings of the Buddha, marked sites in the Buddha’s life the laws of the empire. They were topped with carvings, usually lions Indian Architecture and Science Stupas- originally to house relics of Buddha’s life. eventually became a place for Buddhist devotion and worship Rock Chamber- carved out of cliffs. for Buddhist monks to live and religious ceremonies Contributions in Indian science and math astronomy. They knew that the earth was a sphere it revolved around the sun. algebra. Indian mathematicians introduced the concept of zero and used a symbol for it