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Applied
Biostatistics
TITLE:
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN WORKING MEMORY AND ACADEMIC
PERFORMANCE OF NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MALAYSIA
BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE, NUTRITION AND ENVIRONMENTAL
HEALTH STUDENTS
YEAR 2 - 3 SESSION 2010/2011
GROUP 5 MEMBERS
SUPERVISOR: CIK NURUL FARHANA
AIMI SYAMIMA BT. ABDUL MANAP
A123309
CHIANG HUI HUI
A123070
CHOW SI YEE
A123170
MUHAMMAD NURHAKIM B. MISWAN
A123533
MUNIRAH BT. AHMAD MUNAWAR
A123575
NOR IZHAN BIN YANG GHAZALI
A123653
RAMANAESH RAO A/L RAMAKRISHNA
A123419
WINNIE HII LIN LIN
A122995
WONG CHOON XIAN
A123234
YAP HUI CIN
A123456
YONG MEI CHIT
A122572
Introduction
~a non-unitary model of short-term memory
that constitutes:
Phonological loop
(speech-based information)
Central Executive
Visuo-spatial sketch pad
(visual and spatial information)
(Michael Grimley and Gloria Banner et al. 2007).
1.

VERBAL WORKING MEMORY
use sound to test the memory of one
individual.

calculated as the set size where the
participant could recall the last words in
three out of the five sets.
(Geiger John F. et al , 2005)
2.
VISUAL WORKING MEMORY

concerned with the way in which information is
whether represented by images.
(Grimley M. et al. 2007)

Visual appearance, including dynamic aspects
is represented as features and object files
(bound features). (Hubert D. Zimmer, 2008)
Factor
1.
GENDER
- female is better at recall for objects. (Beck, L. et al 2007)
2.
AGE
- older person have a decreased in memory. (Pilar
Andres et al. 2004)
3.
SLEEP HOURS
-Working memory scanning speed improved over a 9
day period in participants who were given an 8 hour
sleep period per night. (Melynda D. Casement et al., 2005)
Factor
4.
MEMORIZING TECHNIQUES
- good memorizers often use mnemonics techniques to
organize, remember and recall large amounts of visual
and verbal memories. (Mijail Demian Serruya et al., 2008)
5.
SUPPLEMENT INTAKE
-nutrient and supplement antioxidants were selected for
their efficacy in the cognitive. (Carol M. Baldwin et al., 2005)
6.
ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE (CGPA)
- high working memory, high CGPA.
(Michael Grimley et al. 2007)
YES!
RESEARCH JUSTIFICATION
•
To acknowledge the importance of working memory in
order to obtain better academic performance.
•
Studies indicate that the complex processing required in
Mathematic and Science constrains the educational
attainment with low working memory. (Michael Grimley, 2007)
•
Thus, our research can reveal the power of working
memory will assist Health Science students to excel in their
academy.
RESEARCH QUESTION
Is there any association between working memory and
academic performance in UKM second year and third year
Biomedical Science, Nutrition and Environmental Health
students?
HYPOTHESIS
There is an association between working memory and
academic performance (CGPA) among UKM Biomedical
Science, Nutrition and Environmental Health students.
GENERAL OBJECTIVE
To study the relationship between the power
of working memory and academic
performance (CGPA) among UKM
Biomedical Science, Nutrition and
Environmental Health students Year 2 and 3
session 2010/2011.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
1)
To determine the percentage working memory of
between years, course and gender.
2)
To compare the average of working memory
between years, course and gender.
3)
To compare the average of working memory
between supplement intake.
4)
To compare the average of working memory
between memorizing techniques.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
5) To compare the average of working memory
between study styles.
6) To determine the association between working
memory and sleep hours.
7) To determine the association between CGPA and
working memory.
Conceptual Framework
Sleeping hour
Memorizing
Techniques
Year/Course
(2nd/3rd)
Supplement Intake
Study Style
Course
(Biomed/
Nutrition/EVH)
Gender
(Male/Female)
Working
Memory
Academic
Performance
(CGPA)
METHODOLOGY
Research Design
Our research involves cross sectional study.
Questionnaire will be used for survey research.
Target Population
Undergraduate students from National University of
Malaysia Campus Kuala Lumpur.
Study Population
Undergraduate students from Faculty of Health Sciences
National University of Malaysia Campus Kuala Lumpur.
METHODOLOGY
Sampling Method
Stratified random sampling method will be used to select
the sample population.
Sample Frame
Second and third year students from Biomedical Science,
Nutrition and Environmental Health
Total amount of students: 310 persons
Sample Unit
Individual (s)
METHODOLOGY
Inclusion Criteria
• Students in Biomedical Science, Nutrition and
Environmental Health.
•Students age 20 – 23 years old.
•Second and third year students in Biomedical Science,
Nutrition and Environmental Health.
Exclusion Criteria
• Biomedical Science students from Biostatistic Group 5.
• Students age less than 20 or more than 23 years old.
• First and fourth year students in Biomedical Science,
Nutrition and Environmental Health.
METHODOLOGY
Sample Size
Stratified Sampling
2
2
N

 i i
n=
wi
N 2 D   N i i2
2
B
D=
4
(estimating μ)
METHODOLOGY
Sampling Size
Systemic Sampling for each strata
N
n=
2
( N  1) D  
2
B2
D=
4
MATERIAL

Questionnaire

There are 3 parts in the questionnaire:
Part A : Demographic factors
Part B :Visual Working memory test and
Arithmetic test
Part C :Opinions
Statistical analysis
Objective
To determine the
percentage of
working memory
between years,
course and gender.
Dependent
variables
Independent
variables
Working
Memory score
(Numerical)
Years
*Second
*Third
(Nominal)
Course
*Biomedical
Science
*Nutrition
*Environmental
Health
(Nominal)
Gender
*Female
*Male
(Nominal)
Test(s)
Descriptive test
Statistical analysis
Objective
To compare the
average of working
memory between
years, course and
gender.
Dependent
variables
Independent
variables
Working
Memory score
(Numerical)
Years
*Second
*Third
(Nominal)
Independent t test
Or
Mann Whitney Test
Course
*Biomedical
Science
*Nutrition
*Environmental
Health
(Nominal)
ANOVA
Or
Kruskal Wallis Test
Gender
*Female
*Male
(Nominal)
independent t test
Or
Mann Whitney Test
Test(s)
Statistical analysis
Objective
To compare the
average of working
memory between
supplement intake,
memorizing
technique and study
style.
Dependent
variables
Independent
variables
Test(s)
Working
Memory score
(Numerical)
Supplement
intake
(Numerical)
Independent t test
Or
Mann Whitney Test
Memorizing
technique
(Numerical)
ANOVA
Or
Kruskal Wallis Test
Study style
(Numerical)
ANOVA
Or
Kruskal Wallis Test
Statistical analysis
Objective
Dependent
variables
Independent
variables
To determine the
association between
working memory and
sleep hours.
Working
Memory
score
(Numerical)
Sleep hours
(Numerical)
Pearson
Correlation
Or
Spearman
Correlation
To determine the
strength association
between CGPA and
working memory
Working
Memory
score
(Numerical)
CGPA
(Numerical)
Pearson
Correlation
Or
Spearman
Correlation
Test(s)
Gannt chart
Week
Activities
Topic & objective
Method & sampling
Questionnaire discussion
Proposal presentation
Searching for respondents
Distributing questionnaires
Collecting questionnaires
Analyze all the data
Research presentation
Final report
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Questionnaire
Part 1 : Demographic factors
1. Gender
2. Year
3. Course
4. CGPA
Questionnaire
Part 2: Visual and Verbal Word Span
Test

Section 1
:Visual test

Section 2
: Arithmetic test
Questionnaire
Part 3 : Opinions
Supplement taking
Memorizing technique
Sleeping hours
Study
style
Questionnaire
Example:
1) Do you take any supplement to improve your memory in study?
A. Yes, please state out:................... (eg. Vitamins, Scott’s oil)
B. No, please proceed to question 3.
REFERENCE






Grimley M., Banner G. 2007. Working memory, cognitive style,
and behavioural predictors of GCSE exam success. Educational
Psychology 28(3): 341 – 351.
Andres P., Linden M.V., Parmentier F.B. 2004. Directed forgetting
in working memory: Age-related differences. Memory 12(2): 248
– 256.
Casement M.D., Broussard J.L., Mullington J.M., Press D.Z.
2005. The contribution of sleep to improvements in working
memory scanning speed: A study of prolonged sleep restriction.
Biological Psychology 11: 1-5.
Serruya M.D., Kahana M. J., 2008. Techniques and devices to
restore cognition. Behavioural Brain Research 4:149-165.
Baldwin C. M., Bootzin R.R. , Schwenke D.C., Quan S.F.,
Antioxidant nutrient intake and supplements as potential
moderators of cognitive decline and cardiovascular disease in
obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Medicine Reviews 9:459–476.
Zimmer H. D., 2008. Visual and spatial working memory: From
boxes to networks. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
32:1341-1395.
THANK YOU