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<logo> Varieties of Memory Thomas G. Bowers, Ph.D. Penn State Harrisburg 2000 What Types of Memories Are There? • I. Working Memory – Appears to be convergent evidence about the nature of working memory – William James early work (1890/1950) • Spoke of primary memory, inseparable from the stream of thought. • Rich diversity of content • Early identification of attention What Types of Memories Are There? • I. Working Memory – Auditory or Verbal Memory • Speech-based store • Some Qualities: – – – – Digit Span - average is 7 (+/- 2) Subvocalizing has been observed Errors tend to be “sound alike” Longer words or stimulus material is less likely to recall, because of difficulty in subvocalization – Phonological storage system – Other tasks as letter number sequencing – Tend to be left hemisphere tasks What Types of Memories Are There? • I. Working Memory – Visual Memory or Imagery • Short term - Connect stars, blocks or other items • Scanning appears to preserve distance if using a imagery strategy, judging by preserved relationships between distance and reaction times • Mental rotation of block figures Processing speed matches the degree of rotation required What Types of Memories Are There? What Types of Memories Are There? Visual Memory Processing • As the degree of rotation increases, the amount of time to process the change also increases • There can be selective interference with imagery – There is a small but reliable reduction of accuracy under imagery conditions Selective Interference Percentage of false alarms Visual signal Auditory Signal Visualizing 7.8% Auditory Image 3.6% 3.7% 6.7% Imaginary Processing • Kosslyn suggests imaginary may be processed differently than verbal or propositional information • Some ambiguity in spatial imagery – Images are saturated with meaning – Some suggest we should be concerned with spatial imagery Imaginary Processing • Spatial imaginary – examples of Necker cube and Duck/Rabbit precept Working Memory • Working memory system – 1. Executive functions – 2. “Slave systems – Rehearsal loop – Visuospatial scratchpad • Subvocalization thought to be importart Long Term Memory • Propositional Material • Imaginary Material – Nonverbal material may be handled by applying a meaningful context – Imaginary mnemonics • Image elements interacting with each other • For a word pair learning task • As a “cigar-smoking piano” Dual Coding Theory of Memory • Independent processing of verbal and nonverbal material • Proposed by Paivio in 1970’s Dual Coding Theory Nonverbal Verbal Sensory Analysis Imagen Logen Dual Coding Theory • Verbal and Nonverbal material should be processed more quickly in the appropriate modality Dual Coding Theory Dual Coding Experiment Pictures Words 80 Resp Time 60 40 20 0 Association Size Secondary Memory • Despite the evidence of different processing in terms of short term memory, evidence suggests secondary memory operates on a single process – Appears to be the same for verbal and visual material Secondary Memory • Memory for faces may operate independently of other systems • We tend to demonstrate better recall for faces relative to abstract stimulus material • This effect can be impaired by changes in orientation • Prosopagnosia - impairment of facial recognition Secondary Memory • Example from Thompson (1980) • Upside down face of Margaret Thatcher Other Types of Memory • Procedural Knowledge – Knowing how to do things, solve or approach particular problems • Declarative Knowledge – Knowing about particular specific facts and elements of knowledge Other Types of Memory • Hemispherical specialization in knowledge and memory – There is extensive evidence of hemispherical specialization