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GPC 126
Physiological Psychology
Memory & Learning
Lecture #10
Dean Owen, Ph.D., LPCC
METU-NCC
Spring 2015
Lecture 10
This presentation has been created to assist in the
mastery of the material contained in the text
Foundations of Physiological Psychology
by
Neil R. Carlson
All of the material contained in the presentation is
drawn from the text.
Can you identify with this
little guy?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oM3fWbwWA8I
Plan for the day
1. Review the various types and forms of
memory.
2. Review the physiological basis for human
memory.
3. Discuss in a general fashion the concept
of learning
Memory
Primary definition:
memory is the process by which
information is:
Encoded
Stored
Retrieved
A process central to learning.
?
Learning
A relatively permanent
change in behavior as
the result of training,
practice, or experience.
Memory
Chemical and electrical
footprints of experience
Memory
Memory…what is it?
1011 neurons in the human brain
(100 billion)
Each neuron has an average of 7000
synaptic connections, soooo
The brain of a 3 year old
child has about 1015
synaptic connections…..
(1 quadrillion)
That number declines a bit
with age but stabilized at
around 100-500 trillion
connections…….
Memory
Memory
Memory
1. Encoding allows information that is from the
outside world to reach our senses in the forms
of chemical and physical stimuli. In this first
stage we must change the information so that
we may put the memory into the encoding
process.
= KITTEN
Memory
2. Storage is the second memory
stage or process. This entails that we
maintain information over periods of
time.
Memory
3. Finally the third process is the
retrieval of information that we have
stored. We must locate it and return it
to our consciousness. Some retrieval
attempts may be effortless due to the
type of information.
KITTEN =
Two Qualities of Memory
Capacity:
Duration:
Sensory Memory
Sensory memory holds sensory information for a
few seconds or less after an item is perceived. It is
out of cognitive control and is an automatic
response. With very short presentations,
participants often report that they seem to "see"
more than they can actually report. (3 seconds)
Sensory Memory
3 Types Sensory Memory
Iconic memory is a fast
decaying store of visual information, a type
of sensory memory that briefly stores an
image which has been perceived for a
small duration.
3 Types Sensory Memory
Echoic memory is a
fast decaying store of auditory information,
another type of sensory memory that
briefly stores sounds which has been
perceived for a small duration.
3 Types Sensory Memory
Haptic memory is a
type of sensory memory that represents a
database for touch stimuli. Itching and pain
are a form of haptic memory.
Memory is important in infancy as it forms the
basis for more complex procedures such as
learning and reasoning.
Newborn: Haptic ability develops in the
mouth, as it is essential for feeding.
1 month of age: Recognition of texture
and shape
2 months of age: Recognition of familiar
objects after 30 second delay
4 months of age: Recognize familiar
objects after 2 minute delay
Short-Term Memory
Short-term memory allows recall for a period of
several seconds to a minute without rehearsal.
Its capacity is also very limited: George A. Miller
(1956), when working at Bell Laboratories,
conducted experiments showing that the store of
short-term memory was 7±2 items (the title of his
famous paper, "The magical number 7±2). Modern
estimates of the capacity of short-term memory
are lower, typically of the order of 4–5 items
however, memory capacity can be increased
through a process called chunking.
Chunk: A smaller portion of something much larger…..
Definition time
Chunk: A smaller portion of something much larger…..
Short-Term Memory
Chunking
6067807548
606 7807548
606 780 7548
606 780 75 48
Short-Term Memory
Short-term memory is believed to rely mostly on an acoustic
code for storing information, and to a lesser extent a visual
code.
Acoustic
rehearsal…
ABCD EFG..
La la la la
Mnemonics
Arithmetic…..A rat in the house
might eat the ice cream…..
Geography: George Elliots old
grandma rode a pig home
yesterday……….
Short-Term Memory
Mnemonics
The cranial nerves are:
I - Olfactory nerve
II - Optic nerve
III - Oculomotor nerve
IV - Trochlear nerve
V - Trigeminal nerve/dentist nerve
VI - Abducens nerve
VII - Facial nerve
VIII - Vestibulocochlear
nerve/Auditory nerve
IX - Glossopharyngeal nerve
X - Vagus nerve
XI - Accessory nerve/Spinal
accessory nerve
XII - Hypoglossal nerve
Odor Of Orangutan Terrified Tarzan
After Forty Voracious Gorillas
Viciously Attacked Him
On Old Olympus' Towering Top, A
Finn And German Viewed Some Hops
On Occasion Our Trusty Truck Acts
Funny, Very Good Vehicle Any How
Volunteer Please
Acoustic Memory
Volunteer Please
Acoustic Memory
47
386
8470
92647
852713
7258964
36518796
974863120
3859476201
Short term Memory Test
In a moment you will be presented
with a series of letters. These letters
will be displayed for three (3)
seconds. Your task is to write down
as many letters as you can remember
AFTER they have disappeared from
the screen……Please use the form
that has been provided to you.
Ready?.....let’s begin.
Trial #1
UM
Please write your answer on the form
Trial #2
TZLD
Please write your answer on the form
Trial #3
KXCEJO
Please write your answer on the form
Trial #4
AVCYISEH
Please write your answer on the form
Trial #5
LBFQRMAUX
Please write your answer on the form
Trial #6
ZQETCBUMONRV
Please write your answer on the form
Score your performance
Use the following table and count how
many of the trials were completed
correctly….letters and order.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
UM
TZLD
KXCEJO
AVCYISEH
LBFQRMAUX
ZQETCBUMONRV
Dual Store Memory Model
Memory of limited capacity
and duration including:
Sensory Memory 1-2 sec
Working Memory 20-30
sec
Short-term Memory 20-30
sec
Intermediate -Term Memory
5-8 hrs
Long-Term Memory
Capacity: Unlimited
Duration: lifetime in some
cases
Memory Models
Working Memory
Memory Models
Baddeley and Hitch (1974)
Central Executive Buffer
(attention)
Phonological Loop
(acoustic data)
Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad
(visual data)
Episodic Buffer
(association and time)
Memory Types
1. Recall Tasks (retrieve previously learned information)
A common compound with the
chemical formula H2O is
called:_________________
A
B
2. Recognition Tasks (familiar stimulus)
Memory Types
Topographic memory
1. This type of memory allows one to become oriented in
space.
2. To recognize and follow a map
3. To recognize familiar places…”I’ve been here before”
This is often reported among elderly patients who are
evaluated for dementia. The disorder could be caused by
multiple impairments, including difficulties with perception,
orientation, and memory.
Memory Types
Topographic memory
Memory Types
Topographic memory
Memory Types
Flashbulb memories are clear episodic memories of unique
and highly emotional events. Remembering where you were or what
you were doing when you met your first love….drove your first car…..or
negative events like 9/11 or Marmara earthquake(s) are examples of
flashbulb memories.
Memory Types
Memory types
Anderson (1976)divides long-term
memory into declarative (explicit) and
procedural (implicit) memories.
Declarative memory
Declarative memory requires conscious
recall, in that some conscious process
must call back the information. It is
sometimes called explicit memory, since it
consists of information that is explicitly
stored and retrieved.
Declarative Memory
Four forms of declarative memory
a. semantic memory, which concerns
facts taken independent of context; Semantic
memory allows the encoding of abstract
knowledge about the world, such as "Paris is the
capital of France".
b. episodic memory, which concerns
information specific to a particular context, such
as a time and place. Episodic memory, on the
other hand, is used for more personal memories,
such as the sensations, emotions, and personal
associations of a particular place or time. (first
kiss?)
Declarative Memory
c. Autobiographical memory - memory for
particular events within one's own life is generally viewed as either equivalent
to, or a subset of, episodic memory.
(Lifeline)
Declarative Memory
d. Visual memory is part of memory
preserving some characteristics of our
senses pertaining to visual experience. One
is able to place in memory information that
resembles objects, places, animals or
people in sort of a mental image.
Please draw a picture of a bicycle
Procedural Memory
Procedural memory (or implicit memory) is not based on the conscious
recall of information, but on implicit learning. Procedural memory is
primarily employed in learning motor skills and should be considered a
subset of implicit memory.
Performance improves with practice…..
Tying your shoes….riding a bike……handwriting…..
All examples of procedural memory.
Memory Types
Classification by temporal direction
Retrospective memory, recalling events
from the past…..
Memory Types
Classification by temporal direction
Prospective memory (Remembering to
remember). Recalling events that are
scheduled but have not happened
(yet)…..a doctor’s appointment or a midterm exam in Dr. Owen’s class on May
9th……
Research Methods to
study Memory
Contrary to earlier
ideas, language is NOT
necessary for memory
encoding….
5-6 month old subjects
1. Repeated presentation of
pairs of faces/objects.
2. One face is then replaced by
a new one…..subjects
tended to spend significantly
more time looking at the new
face suggesting that the
other face is recognized.
Research Methods to
Study Memory
Gender Related….Memory Failures??
What things do
men forget?
What things do
women forget?
Memory Failures
Transience- memories degrades with the
passing of time. This occurs in the storage
stage of memory, after the information has
been stored and before it is retrieved. This
can happen in sensory, short-term, and
long-term storage. It follows a general
pattern where the information is rapidly
forgotten during the first couple of days or
years, followed by small losses in later
days or years.
Write down as many things from the slide at the
beginning of the class as you can………
Shoe
Boat
Plate
Memory Failures
Absentmindedness- Memory
failure due to the lack of
attention. Attention plays a
key role in storing information
into long-term memory; without
proper attention, the information
might not be stored, making it
impossible to be retrieved later.
Physiology of
Memory
Physiology
Brain areas involved in the neuroanatomy of
memory such as the hippocampus, the amygdala,
the striatum, or the mammillary bodies are thought
to be involved in specific types of memory.
The hippocampus is believed to be involved in
spatial learning and declarative learning,
The amygdala is thought to be involved in
emotional memory. Damage to certain areas in
patients and animal models and subsequent
memory deficits is a primary source of information.
Physiology of
Memory
Physiology
Learning and memory are attributed to changes in
neuronal synapses, thought to be mediated by
long-term potentiation and long-term depression.
In general, the more emotionally charged an event
or experience is, the better it is remembered; this
phenomenon is known as the
memory enhancement effect.
Patients with amygdala damage, however, do not
show a memory enhancement effect.
Memory and aging
Memory loss is a key element associated with the
aging process and may be associated with a
number of causes including….
1. Accumulation of minute neurological
injuries or defects
2. Reduction of blood flow
3. Normal decay of unused information
Memory and aging
Common errors associated with normal age
related memory loss include:
1. Activities requiring use of the frontal regions of
the brain
2. Tasks requiring the process of putting things in
order….
3. Remembering when or where information was
originally learned and…
4. Remembering to perform a task in
future….remembering an appointment.
Disorders
The study of memory disorders has led to
a great deal in information about the
process and mechanism of memory.
Amnesia: Loss of memory.
Cause: typically amnesia is the result of
damage to the brain but also result from
neurological disorders like Alzheimer’s
Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, and
Korsakoff Syndrome.
Memory and Emotion
Influence of odors and
emotions
Odors and strong emotions
become easily associated with
memories
The part of the brain that is
critical in creating the feeling of
emotion is the amygdala, which
allows for stress hormones to
strengthen neuron
communication.
Memory and Emotion
Events associated with strong emotions (positive
or negative) and/or with odors become clearly and
vividly encoded within the memory structure.
What odors trigger
memories for you???
Memory and Stress
Motivation:
Memory and Stress
Stress:
Memory Improvement
Multiple studies suggest that both
memory and cognitive functioning
can be improved through simple
lifestyle changes incorporated
into daily life. These changes
revolve around the following:
Memory Improvement
1. Memory exercises (word games, puzzles, other
activities involving memory coding and retrieval
Memory Improvement
Eating a healthy diet
Memory Improvement
General physical fitness
Memory Improvement
Stress
reduction
A note about
presentations…..
1.
Please come prepared.
Postponements will NOT be granted.
2.
Please come prepared to submit your
presentation…a copy will be made to
share with colleagues.
3.
Please show both courtesy and
respect to your colleagues by
attending the presentations…asking
questions….or otherwise participating
in this experience.
4.
Please put your ego on the “back
burner”….No one expects your
English to be perfect….it’s only
important that you try and want to
share what you’ve learned !!!!!
and finally, some more
housekeeping
Please help me return the classroom to it
original condition…..
1. Take your rubbish with you……
2. Place the student desks in their original order.
Thank you…., Gracias, Merci, Danke, teşekkür
ederim,ありがとう, Asante, gratias ago vos,
Dank u, Takk skal du ha, спасибо ……
Too many drugs??
Harika!!
References
Conrad, R. (1964). Acoustic confusions in immediate memory. British Journal of
Psychology 55: 75–84.