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Human Memory
Three Types
 Sensory Memory
 Short Term Memory
 Long Term Memory
Memory Model
Sensory Memory
 The sensory memories act
as buffers for stimuli
received through the
senses. Information is
passed from sensory
memory into short-term
memory by attention,
thereby filtering the stimuli to
only those which are of
interest at a given time.
Short Term Memory
 Short-term memory acts as
a scratch-pad for temporary
recall of the information
under process. For instance,
in order to understand this
sentence you need to hold in
your mind the beginning of
the sentence you read the
rest.
Short Term Memory Capacity
 Short term Memory decays
rapidly and has very limited
capacity. (15-30 seconds)
 Chunking information can
lead to an increase in short
term memory capacity.
 Interference can cause
disturbance in short term
memory retention.
Long Term Memory
 Long-term memory is
intended for storage of
information over a long time.
Information from the working
memory is transferred to it
after a few seconds. Unlike
in working memory, there is
little decay.
Long Term Memory Types
 Episodic memory represents
our memory of events and
experiences in a serial form.
 Semantic memory, on the
other end, is a structured
record of facts, concepts
and skills that we have
acquired.
Long Term Memory Structure
Long Term Memory Process
 There are three main
activities related to long term
memory: storage, deletion
and retrieval.
Storage
 Information from short-term
memory is stored in long-term
memory by rehearsal. The
repeated exposure to a stimulus
or the rehearsal of a piece of
information transfers it into longterm memory.
 Experiments also suggest that
learning time is most effective if
it is distributed over time.
Deletion
 Deletion is mainly caused by
decay and interference.
 Emotional factors also affect
long-term memory.
Retrieval
 There are two types of
information retrieval: recall and
recognition.
 In recall, the information is
reproduced from memory.
 In recognition the presentation
of the information provides the
knowledge that the information
has been seen before.
8 Ways to Improve Memory
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Grouping
Rhyming
Spelling
Narrating
Mapping
Linking
Placing
Experiencing
Grouping
 Rearrange large numbers of
items into smaller units of
logical or artificial groups.
Example 1
Look at this number for 3
seconds and try to memorize it.
4844022345
Example 1
 Were you able to memorize
it?
 What made it difficult to
memorize?
Example 2
Now look at the same number
and try to memorize it.
484-402-2345
It is easier to memorize this
number because they are
“grouped.”
Example 2
 You can also classify/group
according to type.
 Shakespeare’s 37 plays can
be arranged in logical
groups such as:
 Comedy
 History
 Tragedy
Rhyming
 Use the poetic methods of
sound in rhyming, rhythm or
alliteration
Example 1
 In order, what happened to
Henry VIII's wives?
 Died, Beheaded, Died
Died, Beheaded, Survived.
Example 2
 i before e except after c or
when sounded as a as in
neighbor and weigh.
Spelling
 Take the first letters or
syllables to form a new word
that spells out the
information.
Example 1
 H.O.M.E.S.
 The 5 Great Lakes:
 Huron
 Ontario
 Michigan
 Erie
 Superior
Example 2
 ROY G. BIV:
 The 7 colors of the visual
spectrum?







red
orange
yellow
green
blue
indigo
violet
Narrating
 Use the imaginative process
to create a sentence, a
story, a cartoon or a visual
picture.
Example 1
 My Very Eager Mother Just Sold
Us Nine Pickles









Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Pluto
Mapping
 Structure a diagrammatic
representation of the
relationship between major
ideas, sub categories, and
supporting details.
Example 1
Example 2
Linking
 Connect a list of unrelated
items though exaggerated,
ridiculous or absurd
associations.
Example 1
 1 MERCURY thermometer was in the
mouth of VENUS, with-the-2- on-her-toegoddess-of-love. Her navel was a huge
EARTH with a 3 on it. On the other side of
her mouth was a 4 star MARS candy bar.
The 5 fingers of her hand and wrist spelled
out JUPITER. 6 rings of SATURN were
turning around her head while above it 7
rain drops of URANUS were falling and
gradually became 8 musical notes for a
NEPTUNE. Amazingly Venus was standing
on PLUTO the dog whose tail was curled
into a 9. (The seven planets in order.)
Placing
 Place units of information in
terms of location or
chronology.
Example 1
 Maslow's pyramidal hierarchy of
human needs:
 self-actualization
 ego needs: status, pride,
knowledge, self respect
 Social needs: love, belonging,
acceptance, association
 security needs: psychological &
physical safety
basic
 (physiological) needs: food, water,
air, sex, activity, rest shelter
Example 2
 You can also draw out the
pyramid.
Experiencing
 Act out or go through the
motions to get the feel of
an idea.
Example 1
 You learn a new word in a
foreign language you say
the word out loud.
Example 2
 Actors will put themselves in
character to help them learn
their parts.