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DO NOW • What are some things that we need to remember? • Think of and write down three memories from elementary school. • Are they happy memories? Sad memories? Memory • The ability to remember things we have experienced, imagined, or learned • Memory is often seen as steps in an information-processing model – Encoding – process of getting information into memory system – Storage – the retention of encoded information – Retrieval – process of getting information out of memory system Information Processing Model Information Processing Model Computer • Encoding – keyboard, mouse, internet connection • Storage – active/temporary memory (RAM), permanent memory (hard drive, solid state drive) • Retrieval – open files in folders Brain • Encoding – senses • Storage – short term memory and long term memory • Retrieval – accessing or recalling the memories that have been stored Automatic vs Effortful Processing Automatic • The unconscious and effortless process of encoding certain information: space, time and frequency. • Ex: theme song to Fresh Prince of Bel Air Effortful • Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort • Ex: structures of the brain ENCODING • Visual Encoding: the encoding of picture images. • Acoustic Encoding: the encoding of sound, especially the sounds of words. • Semantic Encoding: the encoding of meaning. Which type of encoding involves the highest retention? Encoding of Meaning • Encoding information that is meaningful enhances recall • When learning new concepts, relate it to your life. • Psychology is about you and your behavior – should be easy to relate to Encoding of words • Listen to the following ten words • Try to remember as many as you can • When asked to, write as many down as you can remember Go! • Write them down! Serial Position Effect • The tendency to recall the first and last items in a list more easily. • Primacy effect – the ability to recall information near the beginning of a list – More time to rehearse • Recency effect – the ability to recall information near the end of a list – Freshest info in our memory Primacy/Recency Effect Encoding Imagery • Visual images easily encode • Especially extremely positive or negative images • We tend to recall the high points better than the mundane and bad stuff Rehearsal and Retention Overlearning • Continuing to rehearse even after it has been memorized • Rehearsing past the point of mastery • Helps ensure information will be available even under stress • Study material, even after you know it! Spacing Effect • The tendency for distributed practice to yield better retention than is achieved through massed practice Massed Practice • Putting all rehearsal together in one long session (cramming) • Not as effective as distributed practice • Do musicians or athletes use massed practice? Distributed Practice • Spreading rehearsal out in several sessions separated by period of time • Usually enhances the recalling of the information • Leads to lifelong knowledge • Quiz yourself periodically – study throughout the unit in school Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909) • German philosopher who did pioneering memory studies. • Developed the forgetting curve, also called the “retention curve” Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curve • DO NOT CRAM!!!!!!!!!!!! Memory Tricks – Mnemonic devices • Acronyms: “PEMBDAS” – order of operations • Acrostics: “Elvis’ Guitar Broke Down Friday” to remember the notes on the lines of the scale • Rhyming: “In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the Ocean Blue” • Common sayings: “Righty tighty, lefty loosey” Chunking Chunking - Organizing information into smaller or meaningful units •Take ten seconds to memorize the above line of letters. Chunking - Organizing information into smaller or meaningful units •Take ten seconds to memorize the above line of letters. Chunking - Organizing information into smaller or meaningful units