Download Retrieval

Retrieval
Memory is Synaptic Change
 New
memories = physiological changes in
the brain
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making networks easier to fire by adjusting
the dendrite/neurotransmitters system.
The easier to fire, the easier linked memories
or concepts are to remember.
Illustrate?
Neurological Basis for memory
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This stored ability for a circuit to fire is called:
Long Term Potentiation (LTP)
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Lack of neural connections explains Infantile
Amnesia: the inability to remember episodic
memories before age 3.
you can, however, remember implicit: skill memory
• Where is that located in the brain? What does that lead us to
believe about brain development?
Memory Retrieval
 To
retrieve a memory you must first have
some kind of retrieval cue
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Examples?
Retrieval
Activating
one strand of a
schematic memory is called
priming.
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Mnemonic devices encoding and mnemonic
retrieval
Speaking of schema…
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What is a schema?
Framework that organizes ideas “This is a cow”
What is assimilation?
Interpreting new experience in terms of existing
schema: looks at moose, calls it a cow
What is accommodation?
Modifies schema to include items after learning
– discriminates between mama moose and baby
moose
Forgetting as Retrieval error.
 If
we cannot remember
something, it could be that:
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never encoded
difficulty retrieving it
• Interference of other memories are
common retrieval errors.
Interference Theory =
 Proactive
 Old
 Retroactive
 New
 pro=
ahead, someone shooting an arrow
out ahead and it kills all the stuff up front
 Retro
= rocket, the after-burn kills all the
stuff behind it
Forgetting as Retrieval error.
 Proactive
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interference:
You studied French for three years and then
decided to take Spanish in college. You may
find yourself retrieving French words or
pronouncing Spanish words with a French
accent.
Forgetting as Retrieval error
 Retroactive
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Interference:
Say you’ve been driving for a while and then
decide to learn a stick shift. Then when you
start driving an automatic, you slam on the
break with your left foot thinking it is a clutch.
Jill Price: The Woman Who Could
Not Forget
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SoxsMMV538
U
The Real Rain Man
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k2T45r5G3kA
BREAK
Prospective vs. Retrospective
MEMORY
Memory Construction is like a
mosaic
 Our
memories are what we encode as well
as how we retrieve them.
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Remember we encode information
semantically and may fill in the blanks with
details that aren’t correct, or color the memory
by the mood we are in.
Memory Construction: like a mosaic
 Déjà
vu is often caused by the firing of network
by a cue that makes you believe you’ve
experienced the whole picture before,
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recall vs. recognition
Tip of Tongue
 Problem
of retrieval
Retrieval
 Context effect: Putting yourself back
into the context where a memory was
formed may trigger that memory.
 Going
by an old house, a smell of perfume
from a former girlfriend, or the smell of
autumn football, may bring back a flood of
memories.
Retrieval
 State
dependent memory: the
state we are in influences the
memories that are retrieved.
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When sad, happy, drunk whatever,
these become a retrieval cue.
 Mood
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Congruence:
when sad, we are likely to remember
events as being sadder than we thought
at the time or happier if happy.
Source Amnesia
 Where
we got a memory from, the
source, on of weakest areas of memory.
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Child studies
Piaget?
Neuro brain development?
Eyewitness Memory
 Because
of source amnesia and
misinformation effect, eyewitness
memories are notoriously bad.
Elizabeth Loftus: Eyewitness
 Faculty
recall confabulation
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XcywPd
ORySA
Misinformation Effect
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Similarly, we can encode a false memory if we
are led to believe something occurred that didn’t.
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That memory will become just as real as memory of
an event that actually occurred.
We also fill in the gaps when retrieving
memories
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retrieval cues offered can change the memory as it
comes out.
Retrieval activity
Repression or Motivated Forgetting
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People seem to purposefully forget things
(motivated forgetting), but many
repressed memories that are recovered
seem to been planted, usually
unknowingly.
 What
do you believe?
Amnesia
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Retrograde amnesia – unable to recall before amnesia
(cases amnesia)
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Anterograde amnesia – unable to recall after trauma
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Damage to areas associated with declarative memories
Tumors, strokes, hypoxia, damage to prefrontal cortex
Concussion, car crash, ECT
Usually happens in hippocampus
Infantile amnesia
Source amnesia
Alzheimers
Clive Wearing:
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OmkiMlvLKto