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Instructions • Number from 1 to 20 on a piece of paper • For “A” words, note the number of syllables. • For “B” words: – Put “P” if you find the word pleasant – Put “U” if you find the word unpleasant • Do not write the words on your paper! B APPLE A MOONLIGHT B NEWSPAPER B GIRAFFE A RIVER A BASEBALL B SUMMER A DOG A BIRTHDAY B AUTOMOBILE A VACATION B BICYCLE B FENCEPOST A LEMONADE A ATLAS B TABLE B OUTLINE A HAMBURGER B HARMONICA A AIRPLANE More Instructions • Turn over your piece of paper • Answer the following questions: –What is your zip code? –What country is located north of the United States? –What is your favorite kind of pizza? •Now, in any order, list as many of the 20 words as you can Memory Memory •The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information Information Processing Theory • Encoding – the processing of information into the memory system • Storage – the retention of encoded information over time • Retrieval – the process of getting information out of memory storage ENCODING • Encoding is the processing of putting information into the memory system – the first step of building a memory is sensory input. • When we begin encoding, we are using Working Memory. • We are taking in new information, processing it, and matching it to previous memories in order to make sense of it all. – The visual information that we are working with temporarily is called Iconic Memory. – Temporary auditory information is called Echoic Memory. • Some information that we encode is put there purposefully. We are actively engaged and want to remember it. These are Explicit Memories. • Some information that we encode happens without much effort and enters into storage almost automatically. These are Implicit Memories. • At any given time, our Working Memory can simultaneously process 7 +/- 2 items. CHJ Mnemonics Memory Shortcuts How to Improve Your Memory • Chunking – Organizing items into smaller, more familiar and manageable units • A phone number is chunked as 302-3764141 NOT 3023764141 • A social security number is chunked as 172-56-8976 NOT 172568976 • Grocery stores are arranged by like items, ie. the cereal isle, frozen foods, the deli • Your psychology textbook is divided into fourteen units of like content • You arrange a chest of drawers into a shirt drawer, sock drawer, underwear…not all mixed together into one drawer What were those three letters again? • Rehearsal – the conscious repetition of information • Spacing Effect – rehearsal of information with spaced breaks between sessions –Study, take a break, study, take a break…spacing a cumulative exam of 14 chapters over the course of seven days NOT cramming everything over one night •Serial Position Effect – With rehearsal, be aware of your tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list • Testing Effect – Practicing retrieval multiple times while encoding new material –Quizzes during units as well as a unit test, review questions at the end of each chapter reading, cumulative exams throughout the year. •Acronyms – Making a word from the first letters of the words that we are to remember • Need to learn the names of North America’s five “Great Lakes”? – Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior - HOMES • National Aeronautics and Space Administration - NASA • Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus – SCUBA • Laugh Out Loud – LOL Acoustic Mnemonics • Acoustical encoding may also enhance the processing of other information by applying rhyme schemes, stories, songs, etc. to the information. • Trying to remember the concept that alcohol lowers inhibitions and encourages socialization?…..”What sobriety conceals, alcohol reveals”. • “If the glove doesn’t fit, you must acquit,” is easily remembered by jurors when a lawyer is fighting for his client’s innocence. • Fifty Nifty States • Thirty days has September; April, June, and November; When short February is done, All the rest have thirty-one. • In fourteen hundred and ninety-two Columbus sailed the Ocean Blue. • "i" before "e," except after "c," or in sounding like "ay" as in "neighbor" or "weigh." Visual Mnemonic • Visual encoding may also enhance the processing of other information. For example, if you are trying to remember a list of grocery items, you may mentally picture a grocery store and place the items in the store (Method of Loci). Memory Storage: Retaining Information The Biological Basis of Memory • LTP – Long-Term Potentiation –When a memory is encoded, the neurons involved move closer together, connect to more neurons, need less stimulation to fire, and increase their receptor sites for receiving neurotransmitters Where Are Long Term Memories Stored? • Amygdala – Emotional aspects of memory and specific life events (Episodic Memory) • Basal Ganglia – Processes physical movements related to procedural skills (Procedural Memory) • Cerebellum – Processes conditioned behaviors • Hippocampus – Processes mostly factual information (Semantic Memory), names, images and spatial imagery, and verbal information Specific Type of Episodic Memory • Flashbulb Memories – type of episodic memory in which you have an exact and clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event from your past Superior Autobiographical Memory Test • http://cramtest.info/ Memory Retrieval: Getting Information Out • Retrieval is the process of getting information out of memory storage • If the information to be retrieved is from the past, it is called a retrospective memory. – IE. I remember the time I went to the zoo in 5th grade. • If the information to be retrieved is to remember to do something in the future, it is called a prospective memory. – IE. When I get home from work I need to remember to call the doctor’s office. • Recall – memory is the ability to retrieve exact information learned at an earlier time – IE. Fill in the blank test. – IE. Columbus sailed in the year ________. 6 x 6 = _____. Define retrieval ______. My Social Security number is _______. Recall Memory • Recognition – a measure of memory in which a person only needs to identify items previously learned – IE. A multiple-choice test. – IE. Of the following choices, which is the correct answer to 6 x 6 ____. You can’t remember the names of all 400 kids you graduated high school with, but if I show you pictures of them you can remember who you went to school with and who you didn’t. How to Enhance Retrieval • Relearning – the principle that if you’ve learned something and forgot it, you probably will learn the material more easily the second time – therefore, retrieval is easier and quicker as well – IE. Learned to play the guitar and played for five years. Haven’t played in 10 years, but you pick up a guitar and play a few tunes, and with a few lessons you play as well as you did before. • Primers – the activation of particular associations in memory, by a keyword or some other type of sensory input – Can’t remember a word? Here’s the first letter – Can’t remember a song? Here’s the first few notes – Seeing the color red brings back memories of… – Smelling suntan lotion brings back memories of…. • Context Effects – the tendency to remember information better and more accurately when you are in a physical setting that is similar to the one that you learned the information in the first place • State-Dependent Theory – what we learn in one emotional or physical state is sometimes more easily recalled when we are again in that same emotional state Memory What factors affect our ability to retrieve information? • Age and Decay Theory - The older we get, the less responsive the brain areas associated with encoding and retaining memory are. • Absent-Mindedness – inattention to detail leads to poor encoding, trivial storage, and often failed retrieval –AbM Test • Mood-Congruency – our current moods may bias our past memories – IE. When you are depressed, you more easily recall past sad events and may even add sadness to memories that weren’t so bad. Conversely, when you are happy you more easily recall past happy moments and may even think things were better then they really were. • Transience–Ebbinghaus’ “Forgetting Curve” states that much of what we learn we forget rather quickly if it’s not used – we forget about 35% of what we learn within five (5) days, but then we retain the rest for a rather long period of time • Pro-active Interference – occurs when something you learned earlier (an old memory) disrupts your ability to create a new memory –IE. Every time you go to open your locker this year you start entering last year’s number. You just moved and when asked for your phone number you begin to recite the home number of your old house. • Retro-active Interference – occurs when new information makes it harder to recall something you learned earlier –IE. Your new phone number interferes with remembering your old phone number. Hearing a remake of a song makes it harder to remember the original version. • Repression - a basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxietyarousing thoughts, feelings, and memories • Source Amnesia – occurs when you attribute memories to things that you think you experienced, but in reality you incorporated things from others sources, like books or films • Misinformation Effect – a person’s existing memories can be altered if the person is exposed to misleading information or questions – Eyewitness Testimony…How reliable is it? • Amnesia – severe memory loss • Retrograde Amnesia – especially due to injury, patients lose most of their memory of past events, especially most recent events • Anterograde Amnesia – the inability to form new memories • Alzheimers – as plaques build in the brain and interfere with neural transmissions, memories cannot be formed or retrieved