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• Mountains that erupt lava Lava ACTIVE Z Zz Rock DORMANT EXTINCT Hawaii • Measuring the temperature Heat suit USGS photo by R.L. Christiansen Jan.9, 1973 vent cone Pipe (Conduit) magma chamber • A look inside the Earth Mantle Outer Core Inner Solid Core Solid Crust Crust • A look at the mantle and crust Mantle Cold air Ocean Hot Melt Hot Mantle Cooler Mantle • EXPLOSIVE magma Sticky Lots of Bubbles • EFFUSIVE magma Runny Not many bubbles • Talk Partners • 30 seconds to describe together how a volcano erupts. • Bonus points: – Why it erupts – Technical language – Imagery • Three pairs will be asked at random • As a group we will decide whose description most Volcanologist-like! Hawaii Courtesy of www.swisseduc.ch • ’a’a • Pahoehoe Rough Lots of pieces Smooth or Ropy Courtesy of A. Rust Courtesy of A. Rust • World map of volcanoes erupted within the past 10,000 years Courtesy of Smithsonian Institution Global Volcanism Program • Talk Partners with whiteboards: • Take it in turns one word or phrase on volcanoes. (Don’t worry about spellings) • How many can you think of? • How many did you get out of possible 20? • Any you are particular proud of remembering? • Making a Volcanic Eruption • You will need: • 2 litre bottle of soda or cola • 1 roll of mints What helps make explosive eruptions? • Explain to your Talk Partner or group why the bottled exploded. • Maybe a diagram would help? • Bubbles USGS/Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Photo by J.D. Griggs Danger to People, Places and Things • Explosive: Pyroclastic Flow • Flows sweeping away buildings Fast flowing rocks! Bent bars of a broken house. Which way did the flow go? • Explosive: Burial • Flows burying buildings • Explosive: Burns • Hot flows burning trees and buildings. • Explosive: Lahars • Fast flowing water and rock • Explosive: Ash Fall • Ash falling from eruption USGS/Cascades Volcano Observatory Photo by David Wieprecht • Effusive: Lava Flows Courtesy of Swisseduc.ch • Noxious Gas • Magma loses bubbles • Gas leaks into the air • Earthquakes • Magma pushes on crust • Shakes and breaks buildings and roads • What can we do to help people who live near active volcanoes? • As a Volcanologist, you have been asked to give advice for a new education leaflet for islanders who live close to a volcano that you have not visited before. How could you go about answering the question? What can we do to help people who live near active volcanoes? Mt. St. Helens 1. Look and Learn 2. Watch Active Volcanoes 3. Escape Plans 4. Find out why people live near volcanoes 5. Teach Examples from Past and Present Courtesy of www.swisseduc.ch • Vesuvius, Italy – 79AD • Explosive • Ash and flows covered Pompeii • Excavations cc. of Crew Creative cc. Crew Creative • Plaster casts of bodies • Vesuvius today Naples • Mt. Pelée, Martinique - 1902 • 29,000 people died •2 survived Photo by Angelo Heilprin • Vestmannaeyjer, Iceland - 1973 • Lava flows caught people by surprise • What is happening in this picture and why? • What is happening in this picture and why? • Where can people live safely on the island? C Active B Extinct A Extinct N 3km • Real-Life Scenario Courtesy of www.swisseduc.ch • Questions V____ ent What is a volcano? Mountains that erupt l a v a . Lava is very: hot A dormant volcano is: Cone cold awake Conduit M ________ a g m a chamber asleep What is lava and magma? m e l t + bubbles + crystals Why do volcanoes erupt? Hot magma wants to go: up How do volcanoes erupt? Two types: e x p l o s i v e down and effusive What helps make explosive volcanoes erupt? b u b b l e s . Explosive volcanoes erupt a lot of a s h into the air. Do effusive volcanoes have runny or sticky lava? Can lava burn trees and houses? yes Can you outrun a pyroclastic flow? no runny . .