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Dissolved gases trapped in the magma What provides the force that causes magma to erupt to the surface? faster Compared to surface waves, P waves and S waves move _______ S waves Which type of seismic wave can only travel through solids? Moment magnitude scale What is the name of the rating system that measures the total energy released by an earthquake? The Pacific and North American plates meet Why is the risk of earhquakes so high along the Pacific coast of the United States? Ground movements caused by seismic waves What does a seismograph record? The Pacific and North American plates meet Why is the risk of earhquakes so high along the Pacific coast of the United States? base-isolated building A building designed to reduce the amount of energy that reaches the building during an earthquake Hot spring Groundwater is heated by magma, rises to the surface, and collects in a natural pool Damage to buildings and other structures What causes most earthquake-related deaths and injuries? Ash in the air and poisonous gases What is dangerous about an explosive volcanic eruption? basin When plate movements cause the crust to warp or bend downward, a ____ is formed habitat This provides an organism with food, water, and shelter Molten lava flows What is dangerous about a quiet volcanic eruption? dormant When a volcano is not currently errupting, but may erupt again some time in the distant future A new island will form as the Pacific plate drifts over the hot spot What do scientists predict about the Hawaiian Islands? Volcanic neck When magma hardens in a volcano’s pipe, the result will eventually be a landform called Sea-floor spreading The process in which magma erupts at a spreading boundary along the ocean floor, resulting in new crust pahoehoe Fast moving, hot lava is called silica This is the substance found in magma that determines if a volcano will have a quiet eruption or an explosive eruption shearing Stress that pushes a mass of rock in two opposite directions stress A force that acts upon rock to change its shape or volume P waves Which type of seismic wave arrives first, and compresses and expands the ground? focus The point beneath Earth’s surface, where rock breaks under stress and triggers an earthquake asthenosphere Where do convection current’s flow inside the Earth? Away from the focus, in all directions How do seismic waves carry the energy of an earthquake? tsunami Giant wave of water caused by an earthquake Drop, cover, and hold What is the best way to protect yourself in an earthquake? Hypothesis of continental drift Alfred Wegener believed that all the continents were once joined together in a single landmass. This is know as the abiotic Plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to carry out photosynthesis. These are all ________ factors. mantle This is a layer of hot rock, found below the crust In all of Earth’s oceans Where are mid-ocean ridges found? The youngest rocks are found closest to the midocean ridges Where are the youngest rocks on the sea-floor found? Normal fault When the Earth’s crust is under tension, what type of fault will occur? Composite volcano This is a tall cone-shaped mountain with layers of lava alternating with layers of ash pipe What is the long tube in the ground that connects the magma chamber to Earth’s surface? Shield volcano A wide, gently-sloping mountain, built up from repeated lava flows Cinder cone volcano When ash, cinders, and bombs build up in a steep pile around a volcano’s vent, the result is a aftershock What can cause damage days or months after a large earthquake? subduction When an oceanic plate collides with a continental plate, the process in which the oceanic plate sinks beneath the other plate is called