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Hots" are places where a chamber of magma has
accumulated at depth beneath the surface. The
volcanic islands of Hawaii are a notable example of
this. The Hawaiian Islands ride atop the Pacific plate
as it moves in a northwesterly direction over the hot
spot that creates the volcanoes. Therefore, the oldest
volcanic island is found at the northwest end of the
chain and the youngest to the southeast. Volcanic
activity ceases as the older islands move off the hot
spot.
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Figure 16. 7 Lava fountain of the Pu`u `O`o cinder and spatter
cone on Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. Source: USGS Used with
permission
Rather than forming a mountain like the volcanoes in the
Hawaiian Islands, some places have been covered by massive
flows of basaltic lava due to volcanic activity. One of the best
known sites in North America is the Columbia Plateau.
The Columbia Plateau is located in the eastern Washington,
south through eastern Oregon and most of southern Idaho.
Assess your basic understanding of the preceding material
by"Looking Back at Volcanic Features and Distribution" or
continue reading.
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Distribution of volcanic activity
Volcanic activity is widespread over the earth, but tends to be concentrated in specific
locations. Volcanoes are most likely to occur along the margins of tectonic plates,
especially in subduction zones where oceanic plates dive under continental plates. As
the oceanic plate subducts beneath the surface, intense heat and pressure melts the
rock. Molten rock material, magma, can then ooze its way toward the surface where it
accumulates at the surface to create a volcano. Volcanic activity can be found along
the Mid-ocean ridge system as well. Here, oceanic plates are diverging and magma
spreads across the ocean floor, ultimately being exposed at the surface. Crustal
spreading long the ridge is partly responsible for the volcanic activity of Iceland. It is
also thought that a "hot spot" lies beneath the island that contributes to volcanism.
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1.Mr. Mohammad Ashraf
2.
Mr. Arshid Hussain
3.
Mr. Ab Majeed
4.
Mr. Assad Ullah.
5. Mohammad Maqbool
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The earth has mainly three layers i.e crest,
mantle and core. The upper most layer of the
earth is known as crest. This part of layer is
fertile and contains minerals. Below this layer is
mantle about 35km from beanth crest. The inner
most layer i.e. core is very hot. Its temperature
raises to 10000 ˚c.
The bursting out of molted rocks and
gases from the crystal rock base up words
through vents are called Volcanoes. They travel
up to the surface with their great force and burst
out through openings called craters.
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To provide ample information
about the volcanoes.
2. To aware the learners about
disasters through volcanoes.
3. To prepare them how to
make safety during this hectic
period.
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Types
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Volcanoes come under the category of natural calamities . Man has
no control over them neither have predictions . Volcanoes when they
erupt destroy life and property on a large scale.
The word volcano derived from volcano, one of the volcanic lipari
islands in the meditation sea, and the place where ,according to
Roman mythology , vulcan ,gGod of fire kept his forge.
We know that the sun is burning star and the planet earth is a part of
it. When the earth got saperated from the sunit also was burning.
Gradually it cooled down on the surface but internally it is still
burning inferno. Volcano spread it solid matter, liquid matter as well
as gasses . The solid matter thrown out consists of local pieces of
blasts rocks. The molten rocks sttot out into the sky. But the time it
comes down it cools and becomes solid. The solid pieces are called
cinde3rs. The liquid matter that is ejected out by the volcano is
called magnet. As soon as it comes out of volcanoes it is called Lava.
Its temperature is very high. It appears red and white when it is hot.
And turns black after it cools. Lava destroys by burning every thing
thast comes in its way. The city of Pompey is a good example of the
Lava flow. . Then there is a third one, gasses materials steam is the
major part of material gas water mixed with magma is also ejected
along with steam. This water is called Juvenile water.
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Objective type questions:
1. Magma and gases exploit weak
zones in the earths ………. Layer.
a. Inner most b. Outer most
2. Most of the world’s volcanism there
fore takes place ………beneath the
oceans.
a. Seen
b. unseen
3. Most volcanic activity occurs along
tectonic plate boundaries where
the lithosphere is………
a. Hardest
b. weakest
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• 4. Magma and gases exploit…. Zones in
the earth’s crust.
a. Weak
b. strong
• 5. Shield volcanoes have relatively
gentle slopes generally of …………………..
a. Less than 12 ⁰ b. greater than 12⁰
• 6. North of manila erupted in
a. June & july 1991 b. august 1991
7. Hawiian island volcano is ….. Type of
volcano
a. Shield
b. caldera
8. There are……types of volcanoes.
• a. Three
b. five
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Tephra
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• Tephra
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• When tephra, solid materials ejected into the air
during an eruption, erupts from a vent and
descends back to the earth, it creates cinder
cones. The tephra forms a cone-shaped mountain.
Western Mexico’s Paricutin is a well-known cindercone volcano.
• When tephra and lava erupt from a vent that is
central, it creates composite volcanoes. Around a
towering, cone-shaped mountain, the materials
pile in alternate layers behind the vent.
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Shield
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Distribution
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Shield
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Shield Volcano
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• Volcanoes have been divided into three main
groups by scientists. They are shield volcanoes,
cinder cones, and composite volcanoes. The
material of the volcano as well as the shape define
these groups.
• When a large amount of free-flowing lava spills
from a vent and spreads along a large area, it
creates shield volcanoes. The lava slowly builds a
broad, low, dome shaped mountain. Mauna Loa is a
shield volcano.
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Caldera
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Tephra Volcano
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Sheild Volcano