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Chapter 15 Tracing Evolutionary History PowerPoint Lectures for Biology: Concepts and Connections, Fifth Edition – Campbell, Reece, Taylor, and Simon Lectures by Chris Romero Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Are Birds Really Dinosaurs with Feathers? • Did birds evolve from dinosaurs? • Evolutionary biologists – Have been pondering this question for decades Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Recent fossil finds – Support this notion Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings MACROEVOLUTION AND EARTH’S HISTORY 15.1 The fossil record chronicles macroevolution • The fossil record – Documents the main events in the history of life Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings • In the geologic record – Major transitions in life-forms separate eras – Smaller changes divide eras into periods Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings • The geologic record Table 15.1 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 15.2 The actual ages of rocks and fossils mark geologic time • Radiometric dating – Measures the decay of radioactive isotopes – Can gauge the actual ages of fossils and the rocks in which they are found Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 15.3 Continental drift has played a major role in macroevolution • Continental drift – Is the slow, incessant movement of Earth’s crustal plates on the hot mantle Eurasian Plate North American Plate Arabian Plate Pacific Plate Nazca Plate African Plate South American Plate Indian Plate Split developing Australian Plate Antarctic Plate Edge of one plate being pushed over edge of neighboring plate (zones of violent geologic events) Figure 15.3A Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings • The formation of Pangaea – Altered habitats and triggered extinctions Cenozoic 0 65 South America India Antarctica Laurasia 135 Mesozoic Millions of years ago Eurasia Africa Paleozoic 245 Figure 15.3B Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings • The separation of the continents – Affected the distribution and diversification of organisms North America Asia Europe Africa South America Australia Figure 15.3C = Living lungfishes = Fossilized lungfishes Figure 15.3D Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings CONNECTION 15.4 Tectonic trauma imperils local life • Volcanoes and earthquakes result from plate tectonics – The movements of Earth’s crustal plates San Andreas Fault North American Plate Pacific Plate San Francisco Santa Cruz Los Angeles California Figure 15.4A, B Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 15.5 Mass extinctions were followed by diversification of life-forms • Mass extinctions – Occurred at the end of the Permian and Cretaceous periods Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings • The Cretaceous extinction, which included the dinosaurs – May have been caused by an asteroid North America Yucatán Peninsula Chicxulub crater Yucatán Peninsula Figure 15.5 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings • A rebound in diversity – Follows mass extinctions Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings PHYLOGENY AND SYSTEMATICS 15.6 Phylogenies are based on homologies in fossils and living organisms • Phylogeny, the evolutionary history of a group – Is based on identifying homologous and molecular sequences that provide evidence of common ancestry Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Analogous similarities – Result from convergent evolution in similar environments Figure 15.6 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Systematics – Involves the analytical study of diversity and phylogeny Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 15.7 Systematics connects classification with evolutionary history • Taxonomists assign a binomial – Consisting of a genus and species name, to each species • A genus – May include a group of related species Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Genera are grouped into progressively larger categories – Family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, and domain Species Genus Carnivora Mammalia Class Chordata Phylum Animalia Kingdom Domain Eukarya Figure 15.7A Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Felis Felidae Family Order Felis catus • A phylogenetic tree – Is a hypothesis of evolutionary relationships Species Felis Lutra Canis Mephitis Canis catus lutra familiaris mephitis lupus (domestic (European (domestic dog) (wolf) (striped skunk) cat) otter) Genus Felis Family Felidae Order Mephitis Lutra Mustelidae Carnivora Figure 15.7B Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Canis Canidae 15.8 Cladograms are diagrams based on shared characters among species • Cladistics uses shared derived characters – To define monophyletic taxa Taxa Ingroup (Mammals) Outgroup (Reptiles) Eastern box turtle Duck-billed platypus Red kangaroo North American beaver Characters Long gestation Gestation Hair, mammary glands Vertebral column 3 Long gestation 3 Gestation 2 Hair, mammary glands 2 1 1 Vertebral column Figure 15.8A Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Shared primitive characters – Are common to ancestral groups Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings • The simplest (most parsimonious) hypothesis – Creates the most likely phylogenetic tree Lizards Snakes Crocodiles Common reptilian ancestor Figure 15.8B Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Birds 15.9 Molecular biology is a powerful tool in systematics • Molecular systematics – Develops phylogenetic hypotheses based on molecular comparisons Brown bear Polar bear Asiatic black bear American black bear Sun bear Sloth bear Spectacled bear Giant panda Raccoon Lesser panda Oligocene Millions of years ago Miocene Pleistocene Pliocene Figure 15.9A 10 15 20 25 30 Ursidae Procyonidae 35 40 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Common ancestral carnivorans • Studies of ribosomal RNA sequences – Have shown that humans are more closely related to fungi than to green plants Student Mushroom Common ancestor Figure 15.9B Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Tulip DNA Comparisons • Molecular comparisons of nucleic acids – Often pose technical challenges – Can reveal the most fundamental similarities or differences between species Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Molecular Clocks • Some regions of DNA – Change at a rate consistent enough to serve as molecular clocks to date evolutionary events Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Genome Evolution • Homologous genes – Are found in many species Human Chimpanzee Figure 15.9C Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gorilla Common ancestor Orangutan 15.10 Arranging life into kingdoms is a work in progress • In the five-kingdom system – Prokaryotes are in the kingdom Monera – Eukaryotes (plants, animals, protists, and fungi) are grouped in separate kingdoms Monera Protista Earliest organisms Plantae Fungi Animalia Prokaryotes Eukoryotes Figure 15.10A Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings • The domain system – Recognizes the prokaryotic domains Bacteria and Archaea • Eukaryotes – Are placed in the domain Eukarya Bacteria Archaea Earliest organisms Figure 15.10B Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Eukarya Prokaryotes Eukoryotes
