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Basic Petroleum
Technology
Dr. Abdullah S. Ebrahim
Objective
To give a non-technical and overall view of
the petroleum industry.
To familiarize the audience with the basic
concepts of the petroleum technologies.
To present general information that will help
the audience to understand the complex
world of oil and gas.
Course Outline
Definition of the petroleum Industries

Upstream Petroleum Industry

Downstream Petroleum Industry
Definition of the Petroleum Industry
The petroleum industry may be defined as:

The industry that deals with:
The exploration of petroleum
Reaching the petroleum reserves
Producing the petroleum fluid to the surface
Treating the petroleum fluid at the surface
Transporting the petroleum fluid to the refinery and
export facilities
 Refining crude oil
 Producing raw material through petrochemical plants
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Petroleum Industry
Upstream Petroleum
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Geology
Geophysics
Drilling
Reservoir
Management
Production and
Production
Operation
Downstream Petroleum
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Crude Oil
Transportation
Petroleum Refining
Petrochemical Plants
Basic Concepts of Geology
The earth is 4.5 billion
years old.
The earth consists of:


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A solid inner core
An outer liquid core
Mantle
Rocky crust
Basic Concepts of Geology
Plate Tectonics

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Geologists believe that
the crusts is an
assemblage of huge
plates that fit together
like a jigsaw puzzle
Plates or (pieces of earth
crust) move, slide past
one another
Plates collide with or pull
away from each other
Basic Petroleum Geology
Crustal Plates

Oceanic Crust
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Lies under the
oceans
Thin (8-11 KM)
Heavy rock
Continental Crust


Thick (16-48 KM)
Relatively lighter
Basic Petroleum Geology
Example of moving
plates

Plates moving a way
from each other
 Middle of the Atlantic
Ocean
 As a result, The
Americas plates are
moving west and
forcing the Pacific
Plate down into the
mantle
 Thus, Earthquake and
volcanoes occur
Basic Petroleum Geology
Example of moving
plates

Continental Plates
colliding with each
other
 The Himalayan
mountains formed
when India smashed
into Asia
Basic Petroleum Geology
Geologic Structures
Folds

are defined as rock
strata that have
crumpled and buckled
into wave like structures
Folds Types
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Anticlines
Syncline
Dome
Folds
Basic Petroleum Geology
Geologic Structures
Dome

Is a short anticline
with its crest
plunging downward
in all directions
Basin

Is a syncline that dips
downward toward a
common center
Basic Petroleum Geology
Geologic Structures
Faults

Is a break in the rock
layer that results in
movement of the
split rock layers with
reference to each
other
Faults
Basic Petroleum Geology
Geologic Structures
Faults Type
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Normal and Reverse
Faults
Over thrust and
Lateral Faults
Growth Faults
Basic Petroleum Geology
Types of Rock

Igneous Rocks
 Are the rocks that form when the magma cools

Sedimentary Rocks
 Are the rocks that form in horizontal layers from
sediments

Metamorphic Rocks
 Are either sedimentary or igneous rocks buried deep in
the earth, subjected to high pressure and temperature
that alters its composition and appearance
The Rock Cycle
Petroleum Generation
Organic Theory
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Oil is formed from the
remains of plants and
animals
Small animals died and
were deposited on sea
floor
As time goes by, more
layers of sediments
deposited on top of the
animals
Due to the high pressure
and temperature, the
animals were transformed
into oil and gas
The Chemistry of Hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbons


Are chains of carbon
atoms with
hydrogen atoms
attached to them
Light hydrocarbon
 Methane Gas

Heavy Hydrocarbon
 Asphaltene and
Waxes
Important Rock Properties
Porosity

Is the percentage of
void (empty) spaces
within the rocks
Permeability

Is the ability of the
rock to transmit fluid
through it
Migration of Petroleum
Hydrocarbon Migration
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
Is the movement (migration) of hydrocarbons
from the source rock to a different place via a
carrier rock
Source Rock
 Is the rock in which hydrocarbon was
generated
Carrier Rock
 Are the permeable rock layers or formations
that allows the hydrocarbon to move
through it
Petroleum Accumulation
Hydrocarbon continues to migrate unless
something (A TRAP) stops it.
Trap
Is an arrangement of rock layers that
prevent the hydrocarbons from migrating
and results in hydrocarbon accumulation
• Traps come in different sizes, shapes and
types

Traps Types
Structural Traps

Occur when the
reservoir formation
deforms
Stratigraphic Traps

Are those where
porosity or
permeability has
changed within a
formation
Traps Types
Structural Traps
Anticline
Fault
Structural Traps
Salt Dome
Stratigraphic Trap
Unconformity
Sand Lenses
Reservoir Fluids
Fluid is any substance
that can flow.
Reservoir rock usually
contains three fluids:
Oil, Gas, and Salt
Water.
These fluids can be
mixed together or
layered.
Reservoir Fluid (Water)
Sedimentary rocks originally were saturated
with water.
Hydrocarbons displaced some of the water
from the pores.
The water that remained in the pores with the
oil is called connate water.
Reservoirs have additional free water that
accumulates along with hydrocarbon.
Reservoir Fluid (Water)
Free water helps in
driving the oil out of
the reservoir.
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Bottom Water
Edge Water
Wetting water usually
coats the grains of the
reservoir rock.
Reservoir Fluid (Oil)
Oil is lighter than
water.
Oil rarely wets the
sand grains.
Reservoir Fluid (Natural Gas)
Solution Gas

Gas is dissolved in oil at
high pressure and
relatively low
temperature
Free Gas (Gas Cap)
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Free gas accumulates
on top of the oil
Oil is fully saturated with
dissolved gas
Reservoir Pressure
Normal Pressure

If reservoir is connected
to the surface
Abnormal Pressure

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If the reservoir is not
connected to the
surface
Artesian effect (oil and
gas are trapped) but
water is connected to
the surface
Petroleum Exploration
Surface Methods
Oil Seeps

Oil can be seen at
the surface
Gas Seeps

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Evidence of gas is
found at the surface
(Eternal Fires of
Persia)
More obvious in the
water
Surface Method
Surface Geology
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Anticlines or domes can be seen at the surface
Aerial Photograph
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Shows fault pattern in the photographed area
Disadvantages
 Expensive
 Requires taking several photos from different angles
Remote Sensing (Satellite)
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Shows the surface structure pattern of an area
Geophysical Surveys
Surface
Sedimentary Rock
Thickness
Depth
Igneous Rock
Geophysical Surveys
Gravity

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Determines the
subsurface structure
shape
For example
Anticlines, Domes
and Salt Domes
Geophysical Surveys
A seismic survey is usually the last exploration
step before drilling the well.
It is the most expensive exploration method.
Seismic surveys account for 90% of the budget
spent in petroleum exploration.
It provides precise details on the formations
beneath the earth surface.
Seismic Survey
The steps for conducting a seismic survey are
as follows:
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Create seismic waves from an energy source
The waves strike the rock layers. Part of it will be
reflected while the other part will travel to other
layers
Sensors called “Geophones” pick up the
reflected waves and send them through cables
to a recorder
The recorder amplifies the waves to produce a
seismogram
Seismograms generate the seismic section
Seismic Survey
Seismic Survey
Seismic Sections represent
a two-dimensional view of
the subsurface.
Seismic Survey
Three-Dimensional
seismic provides a
complete (Cube) picture
of an area below the
surface.
A plane can be sliced in
any direction.
Four-Dimensional seismic
is a repeated 4-D seismic
through time.

It determines the
change in the fluid level
with respect to time
Geological Structure Modeling
Geological Structure Modeling
Geological Structure Modeling
Geological Structure Modeling