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Second Semester Final Review ©2005 LikeScience.com A mile or so below you there are large pieces of the Earth’s crust known as __________________. Plates Plates move and float on a river of ______________ in the Earth’s _______________. Magma, mantle Where these plates break a ______________ will form. fault At ______________ plate boundaries ___________ forces cause reverse faults to form. Convergent, compression At transform plate boundaries __________ forces cause __________ faults to form. Shearing, strike-slip Lastly, as tension forces act on the plates at ___________________ plate boundaries, __________ faults form. Divergent, normal As plates interact they sometimes produce large vibrations known as __________. earthquakes The _________ is the location under the ground where the energy of the vibrations was released. focus The point on the surface directly above this location is known as the ____________. epicenter _____________, scientist who study earthquakes use instruments called _______________ to measure the vibrations caused by earthquakes. Seismologist, seismograph The first wave of energy released by an earthquake is a _______________ wave. primary Primary waves travel in a _________ motion. Up and down Second to arrive at the _________ station is the ____________ wave. Seismic, secondary Secondary waves travel in a __________ motion Back and forth The seismic wave that causes the most damage is the ________________ wave. surface The Earth has an endless supply of resources. false What is the carrying capacity? How much the Earth's resources can support. What will happen to Earth’s resources if they are wasted? They will be gone. Does the population use more or less resources than 200 years ago? more Define population. Number of species in an area. What was the global population in 1996? 5.7 billion What is a population explosion? A rapid increase in population. What happens when a region does not have enough food? The animals migrate or starve. Why has the population of Earth increased so rapidly? Better medicines and Technology. Why have births increased? Americans are having more babies. What is the estimated world population for this century? 14 billion How much garbage does the average person produce in 75 years? 47,000 kgs How much water does an average person consume in 75 years? 163 million liters What is the population density of a region? population divided by area How do fuels impact the environment? Burning them produces pollution An area where magma from deep within the mantle melts through the crust is called a(n) hot spot Volcanoes in both the Andes and the mountains of the Pacific Northwest formed from collisions between an oceanic plate and a continental plate The volcanoes that form the Ring of Fire around the Pacific Ocean are the result of subducting plates Magma first forms in the asthenosphere Which sequence describes the movement of magma from inside a volcano to the surface? magma chamber, pipe, vent Eruptions of high-silica lava may produce a shield volcano Groundwater heated by magma forms a(n) hot spring Wide, gently sloping mountains formed by low-silica lava flows are called shield volcanoes A mass of rock that forms when a large body of magma cools inside the crust is called a batholith Dikes are formed when magma enter a vertical crack and hardens A mountain that forms when layers of lava and ash erupt volcano Hot spots, such as the one that formed Hawaii, can occur at locations far from plate boundaries One factor that determines whether a volcano eruption will be quiet or explosive is ____. the amount of water vapor and other gases trapped in the magma. Magma rises to Earth’s surface because it is ____than surrounding rock. less dense Magma that squeezes into horizontal cracks and hardens forms a______ sill Magma that squeezes into vertical cracks and hardens forms a____ dike The largest intrusive igneous rock body is a batholith If the magma chamber below a volcano collapses, a _____forms. caldera An area where magma melts through the crust in the middle of a plate is called a(n) hot spot Inside a volcano, magma collects in a pocket called a magma chamber Which factor does not affect how thick or thin magma is? its silica content Volcanic soils are fertile because they contain potassium and phosphorus Layers of thin, runny lava that flow over a wide area before they cool and harden can build up a lava plateau A volcano that is erupting or has shown signs that it may erupt in the future is called dormant What is a vertical landform formed from magma that hardens? dike All volcanic material is the same size False Today people are never killed by volcanic eruptions. False Volcanoes can form on the ocean floor true There is no relationship between plate tectonics and volcanoes. false Kilauea in Hawaii releases tremendous amounts of gas. True Gas trapped in magma under high pressure can cause explosive eruptions. True Layer of atmosphere where weather, clouds, and smog occur Troposphere Force of air determined by temperature and distance above sea level Air pressure Naturally occurring gas in the stratosphere that is considered a pollutant in the lower atmosphere ozone Layer of the thermosphere that has a high concentration of electrically charged particles ionosphere Most common gas in the atmosphere Nitrogen Layer of atmosphere that includes the ozone layer stratosphere Type of pollution that can be formed by car exhaust and burning coal or oil smog Layer of atmosphere between the thermosphere and space exosphere ____ makes up from 0 to 4 percent of the atmosphere. Other Gases The____ contains 75 percent of the atmospheric gases. Troposphere The division of Earth’s atmosphere into layers is based on_________ differences. temperature Cold air is denser than warm air and, therefore, has higher ____. mass _____ is the only substance that exists as a solid, liquid, and gas in Earth’s atmosphere. Water Vapor The____ is the source of all energy in our atmosphere. Sun When Earth receives this energy, some energy escapes back into ____ Space The balance among these three help the atmosphere support Life Energy reaches Earth in the form of radiant energy, or radiation Radiation is the transfer of energy by Waves The present state of the atmosphere is the__ . Weather ______is the amount of water vapor in the air. Density Air is_________ when it is holding all the moisture it can at a certain temperature. Saturated The temperature at which air is saturated and condensation begins is the Dew Point amount of water vapor in air compared to the amount of water vapor air can hold at a certain temperature. Relative A is an instrument that measures relative humidity. Psychromometer When millions of tiny drops of water around dust particles form from condensed humid air, a ____forms. Cloud A stratus cloud that forms near the ground is . Fog Water droplets that become too heavy to remain suspended in the air fall out of the clouds as . Precipitation ______forms when water drops freeze in layers around small nuclei of ice. Hail Water drops that fall when the temperature is above freezing fall as . Rain Water drops that fall when the temperature is below freezing fall as . Snow When snow passes through warm air, melts, and refreezes near the ground, it becomes Sleet The boundary between two air masses? Front When a cold mass of air overtakes a warm mass of air? Cold Front When two cold masses of air over take a warm mass of air? Occluded front High pressure system normally mean what type of weather? Warm , clear A low pressure system normally mean what type of weather? Cloudy weather The turning of air masses from their original paths because of Earth’s rotation Coriolis Effect What is Mr. G’s Son’s name? Tucker How old is Mr. G.? 30