Download turning 2011`s disasters into educational surges that will advance

TURNING 2011’S DISASTERS INTO
EDUCATIONAL SURGES THAT
WILL ADVANCE DISASTER
RESILIENCE
PART 2
Dr. Walter Hays,
Global Alliance For
Disaster Reduction
GOAL: COMMUNITY DISASTER RESILIENCE
USE DISASTER’S INFO TO
IMPROVE COMMUNITY
RESILIENCE
INCREASE TECHNICAL
AND POLITICL CAPACITY
OF COMMUNITY TO COPE
INCREASE OWNERSHIP
AND USE OF KNOWLEDGE
AND EXPERIENCE
FLOODS
SEVERE WIND STORMS
EARTHQUAKES
DROUGHTS
LANDSLIDES
WILDFIRES
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
TSUNAMIS
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
TECHNOLOGICAL HAZARDS
Single- or multiple-event
natural hazards that, (for
various reasons), can cause
extreme levels of mortality,
morbidity, homelessness,
joblessness, economic
losses, and environmental
impacts.
EXAMPLES OF 2011’s
DISASTERS
NOTABLE DISASTERS IN 2011
FLOODS IN AUSTRALIA
NEW KNOWLEDGE FOR
COMMUNITY DISASTER
RISK REDUCTION
EARTHQUAKE/TSUNAMI IN
JAPAN
WILDFIRES IN ARIZONA
AND TEXAS
CATALYSTS
FOR CHANGE
HURRICANE IRENE AND
TROPIAL STORM LEE
FLOODS ALONG THE
MISSISSIPPI River
SUPER TORNADO
OUTBREAK
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
EARTHQUAKE AND
TSUNAMI IN JAPAN
MARCH 11, 2011
A DISASTER is ----- the set of failures that overwhelm the
capability of a community to respond
without external help when three
continuums: 1) people, 2) community
(i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and
social constructs), and 3) complex
events (e.g., floods, earthquakes, ...,)
intersect at a point in space and time.
THE THREE CONTINUUMS OF
EVERY DISASTER
• PEOPLE
• COMMUNITY
• COMPLEX EVENTS
A DISASTER IMPACTS ALL
SOCIETAL ELEMENTS
AN EDUCATIONAL SURGE
• Transforms information and
experience gained from a
disaster into knowledge, best
practices, and new technology to help a stricken
community become disaster
resilient.
RISK ASSESSMENT
•HAZARD MAPS
•INVENTORY
•VULNERABILITY
•LOCATION
ACCEPTABLE RISK
RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
FOCUS ON FOUR
CRITICAL AREAS
DATA BASES
AND INFORMATION
STRICKEN
COMMUNITY
DISASTER RESILIENCE
HAZARDS:
GROUND SHAKING
GROUND FAILURE
SURFACE FAULTING
TECTONIC DEFORMATION
TSUNAMI RUN UP
AFTERSHOCKS
BEST POLICIES AND
PRACTICES FOR:
•PREPAREDNESS
•PROTECTION
•RESPONSE & RECOVERY
BUILDING CAPACITY FOR
DISASTER RESILIENCE
• Identify the gaps in community capacity in
the four critical elements of the solution:
Preparedness, Protection, Response, and
Recovery.
• Concentrate resources on filling the
perceived gaps in Preparedness,
Protection, Response, and Recovery, and
start creating turning points for change.
CRITICAL ELEMENTS FOR
DISASTER RESILIENCE
• PREPAREDNESS
(READY FOR ANY
COMPLEX EVENT)
• PROTECTION
(BUILD ESSENTIAL
AND CRITICAL
FACILITIES TO
WITHSTAND)
CRITICAL ELEMENTS FOR
DISASTER RESILIENCE
• RESPONSE
(SAVING LIVES, AND
ENSURING
CONTINUITY)
• RECOVERY
(BOUNCING BACK
QUICKLY AND
RESUMING LIFE
AGAIN)
BENEFITS OF AN
EDUCATIONAL SURGE
• Intensifies efforts to
protect essential (schools)
and critical (hospitals, dams,
transportation, systems, and
power plants) facilities.
EDUCATIONAL SURGES CREATE TURNING
POINTS FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL SECTORS OF
SOCIETY INFORMED
EDUCATIONAL
SURGES WILL
INCREASE
KNOWLEDGE
OF A COMMUNITY’S RISK
IGNORANCE TO
ENLIGHTENMENT
APATHY TO
EMPOWERMENT
BOUNDARIES TO
NETWORKS
STATUS QUO TO GOOD
POLITICAL DECISIONS
TURNING POINTS FOR CHANGE
NEW RESOURCES
NEW DELIVERY MECHANISMS
EDUCATIONAL
SURGES WILL
RESULT IN …
NEW PROFESSIONAL
LINKAGES
NEW LEGISLATIVE MANDATES
NEW DIALOGUE ON BUILDING
A CULTURE OF DISASTERRISK REDUCTION
EDUCATIONAL SURGE
ADD VALUE
INCREASE
AWARENESS
AN EDUCATIONAL
SURGE WILL
INCREASE
UNDERSTANDING
INCREASE POLITICAL
WILL
BUILD EQUITY
BENEFITS OF EDUCATIONAL SURGES
EXPAND CAPABILITY
IMPROVE DELIVERY
MECHANISMS
EDUCATIONAL
SURGES
OVERCOME UNIVERSAL
BARRIERS
CREATE TURNING
POINTS OF CHANGE
INCREASE COMMUNITY
DISASTER RESILIENCE
M9.0 TOHOKU
EARTHQUAKE/TSUNAMI
IMPACTED JAPAN
4TH
LARGEST QUAKE EVER
3 – 10 M TSUNAMI WAVES REACHED
JAPAN AND PACIFIC RIM COUNTRIES
2:46 pm MARCH 11, 2011
LOCATION: 133 KM (80 MI) OFF
EAST COAST OF HONSHU
THE RESULT OF SUBDUCTION
ZONE PLATE TECTONICS
THE DISASTER BEGAN
HAPPENING WITHIN MINUTES
• It only took seconds for the Pand S-waves and minutes for
the tsunami waves to reach
Sendai and other parts of the
coast..
THIS WAS NO ORDINARY
EARTHQUAKE
• Ground shaking lasted 300 seconds
(compared with about 10 - 20 seconds
for the 1994 Northridge, CA or the 1995
Kobe, Japan quakes).
• Hundreds of aftershocks, many in the
M6+ range comparable in size with the
damaging 1971 San Fernando CA
quake, followed the main shock.
THE M9.0 EARTHQUAKE….
Japan was well
prepared to
cope with the
earthquake,
and ---
THE M9.0 EARTHQUAKE….
Japan’s
buildings and
infrastructure
were protected
through codes
and standards,
but ….
CAUSES
OF
DAMAGE
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO
HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT
(SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND
FAILURE)
EARTHQUAKES
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION
AND PLAN
“DISASTER
LABORATORIES”
FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF
UTILITIES
LACK OF DETAILING AND
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
INATTENTION TO
NONSTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
THE TSUNAMI WAS
DEVASTATING
The tsunami that followed the M9.0
earthquake caused enormous
damage in Japan within minutes.
TSUNAMI HAZARDS
(AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS)
• HIGH-VELOCITY, LONG-PERIOD
WATER WAVES
• WAVE RUNUP
• FLOODING
• WAVE RETREAT
• SHORELINE EROSION
THE 7-10 M TSUNAM WAVES
The tsunami was
devastating, inundating towns, immobilizing airports
and roads, destroying buildings, and
treating everything
(e.g., people, cars)
in its path as debris.
CAUSES
OF
DAMAGE
HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT OF
INCOMING WAVES
INLAND DISTANCE OF WAVE
RUNUP
VERTICAL HEIGHT OF WAVE
RUNUP
TSUNAMIS
“DISASTER
LABORATORIES”
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE OF
BUILDINGS
FLOODING
INADEQUATE HORIZONTAL
AND VERTICAL EVACUATION
PROXIMITY TO SOURCE OF
TSUNAMI
IMMEDIATE RESPONSE
NEEDS
• Vertical evacuation.
• Search and rescue operations to
save lives.
• Mass care and health care needs
to preserve life.
• Safety of Fukushima power plant
FUKUSHIMA NUCLEAR
FACILITY HAD FAILURES
RESPONSE: A RACE WITH TIME TO
PREVENT THE UNTHINKABLE
• Experts worked at the
margins of their capability
to prevent a nuclear melt
down.
RESPONSE NEEDS RELATED
TO FUKUSHIMA
• The nuclear power plant shut
down automatically, causing
wide-spread power outages.
• An immediate evacuation of
several thousand people living
within a 20 km radius followed.
RESPONSE NEEDS EXACERBATED
BY FUKUSHIMA’S RADIATION LEAKS
• Following an explosion, radiation levels
were 1,000 times normal levels at the
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear facility.
• Four million left without electricity.
• Metro, trains, and airport were shut
down.
ADVANCE WARNING AND
VERTICAL EVACUATION
WERE THE KEYS TO
SURVIVING THE TSUNAMI
EVACUATION WAS COMPLICATED BY:
1) THE SHORT TIME BETWEEN THE
EARTHQUAKE AND THE TSUNAMI
WAVE ARRIVAL,
AND
2) INUNDATION, DAMAGE AND LOSS OF
FUNCTION TO BUILDINGS AND
INFRASTRUCTURE
RESPONSE TO OVER 27,559
DEAD
THE LARGE NUMBERS OF BODIES
FOUND EARLY ON OUTSTRIPPED THE
CAPACITY TO CREMATE THEM
JAPAN’S RECOVERY,
UNDERWAY NOW, WHICH IS
ESTIMATED TO COST AT
LEAST $300 BILLION, WILL
BE USED AS A MODEL FOR
OTHER NATIONS.
ADDITIONAL DETAILS ON THE
TSUNAMI
• The tsunami that followed the
M9.0 quake within about 15
minutes changed Japan’s coast
lines by almost 2 m, inundated
land over a wide area, and
reached Pacific rim countries.
VERTICAL EVACUATION:
ROOF OF SCHOOL BUILDING
TSUNAMI WAVES REACH
COAST OF NORTHERN JAPAN
FIRE: NEAR SENDAI
AIRPORT
SENDAI AIRPORT
SENDAI AIRPORT: COVERED
WITH MUD FROM TSUNAMI
SENDAI AIRPORT: COVERED
WITH CARS, MUD, & DEBRIS
TSUNAMI WAVES REACH
NATON MYIAGI PREFECTURE
OARAI INUNDATED BY
TSUNAMI
TSUNAMI DAMAGE
TSUNAMI DAMAGE
TSUNAMI DAMAGE
TH
14 ,
ON MARCH
SOME
SEARCH AND RESCUE
TEAMS FOUND NO ONE TO
RESCUE
NATORI: NO ONE THERE OR ALIVE
TO RESCUE; MARCH 14
NATORI: NO ONE TO RESCUE
EXCEPT A DOG; MARCH 14
THE TSUNAMI ALSO IMPACTED
PACIFIC RIM COUNTRIES
• After the tsunami slammed the east
coast of Japan, sweeping away boats,
cars, homes and people, it raced across
the Pacific at 822 -1222 kph (500 to 800
mph) to arrive 5-7 hours later in Alaska
and Hawaii and other parts of the West
Coast of the USA, and 18 hours later
along the coast of South America.
HAWAII
• The Pacific Tsunami Warning
Center reported that water rushed
ashore in Honolulu, swamping the
beach in Waikiki and surging over
the break wall in the world-famous
resort, BUT stopping short of the
area's high-rise hotels.
CRESCENT CITY, CA
SAN FRANCISCO, CA