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Properties of Minerals Vocabulary Mineral: naturally occurring solid formed by inorganic process, has crystal structure, definite chemical composition Crystal: repeating pattern of mineral’s particles forming a solid Inorganic: form from materials that were not living Luster: describes how light reflected from mineral surface Streak: color of powder Moh’s hardness scale: used to rank hardness of mineral Cleavage: mineral splits easily along flat surfaces Vocabulary Fracture: describes how mineral looks when it breaks apart in irregular way Geode: rounded, hollow rock lined with crystals Crystallization: process by which atoms arranged to form material with crystal structure Solution: mixture one substance dissolved into another Vein: narrow channel different from surrounding rock Defining Minerals •Naturally occurring -quartz forms from cooling magma -coal- remains plants tightly squeezed together •Solid -definite volume, shape -particles packed tightly -coal, quartz coal quartz Mineral Properties •Crystal structure -repeating pattern -flat sides- faces •Inorganic -quartz form naturally as magma cools •Definite chemical comp -always contains certain elements -element composed of single atom Identifying Minerals metallic •color- only few have own characteristic color •Streak: never varies, distinguishing characteristic •Luster: metallic, non-metallic •metallic: shiny, reflective •Non-metallic: earthy, silky, waxy, pearly Non-metallic Hardness •Rank 1-10 •1: softest •10: hardest •Determined by scratch test •Mineral can scratch mineral softer than itself •If it doesn’t scratch- its not hard Density •Mass in given space, pass per unit volume •Always same regardless of size sample •Mass/ volume •Heavier sample- more dense Crystal Structure •Repeating pattern •Different minerals- different shapes •Halite- cubic •Classify by number faces, sides •Measure angles at which faces meet Cleavage, fracture mica quartz •Splits easily flat sheetscleavage •Depends how crystals arranged •Mica •Fracture- breaks in irregular way •Quartz •Curved, shell like break How do minerals form •Crystals form inside geode •Water containing dissolved minerals seep into crack, hollow •Form through organic processes •Crystallize from materials dissolved in solutions •Crystallize as magma, lava cool Minerals from Solutions •Elements, compounds dissolve in water leave solution crystallize •Minerals form this way in bodies water on Earths surface •Selinite crystals form solution hot water underground Minerals from Magma and Lava •Minerals form from hot magma cooling inside crust •Lava hardens on Earth surface •Size crystals depends on -rate crystals cool -amount of gas magma contains -chemical composition -rich in silicon, oxygen Minerals Are Crystalline Geometrical crystal shapes suggest ordered structures. Minerals from magma •Magma deep in surface •Cools slowly •Larger crystals •Quartz •Feldspar •Tourmaline •mica Minerals from lava •Lava on surface •Cools quickly •No time for large crystals to form •Leucite, olivine
