Download Test 2 Chapter Summaries

Test 2 Review
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Summary of Chapter 3
• Refracting telescopes make images with a lens.
• Reflecting telescopes make images with a
mirror.
• Modern research telescopes are all reflectors.
• CCDs are used for data collection.
• Data can be formed into image, analyzed
spectroscopically, or used to measure intensity.
• Large telescopes gather much more light,
allowing study of very faint sources.
• Large telescopes also have better resolution.
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Summary of Chapter 3, cont.
• Resolution of ground-based optical telescopes
is limited by atmospheric effects.
• Resolution of radio or space-based telescopes
is limited by diffraction.
• Active and adaptive optics can minimize
atmospheric effects.
• Radio telescopes need large collection area;
diffraction is limited.
• Interferometry can greatly improve resolution.
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Summary of Chapter 3, cont.
• Infrared and ultraviolet telescopes are
similar to optical.
• Ultraviolet telescopes must be above
atmosphere.
• X rays can be focused, but very differently
than visible light.
• Gamma rays can be detected but not
imaged.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Summary of Chapter 4
• Solar system consists of Sun and everything
orbiting it.
• Asteroids are rocky, and most orbit between
orbits of Mars and Jupiter.
• Comets are icy, and are believed to have
formed early in the solar system’s life.
• Major planets orbit Sun in same sense, and all
but Venus rotate in that sense as well.
• Planetary orbits lie almost in the same plane.
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Summary of Chapter 4, cont.
• Four inner planets – terrestrial planets – are
rocky, small, and dense.
• Four outer planets – Jovian planets – are
gaseous and large.
• Nebular theory of solar system formation:
Cloud of gas and dust gradually collapsed under
its own gravity, spinning faster as it shrank.
• Condensation theory says dust grains acted as
condensation nuclei, beginning formation of
larger objects.
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Summary of Chapter 4, cont.
• Planets have been discovered in other solar
systems.
• Most are large and orbit much closer to the
Sun than the large planets in our solar system
do.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Summary of Chapter 5
• Earth’s structure, from inside out: Core, mantle,
crust, hydrosphere, atmosphere, magnetosphere
•Tides are caused by gravitational effects of
Moon and Sun.
• Atmosphere is mostly nitrogen and oxygen;
thins rapidly with increasing altitude.
• Greenhouse effect keeps Earth warmer than it
would otherwise be.
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Summary of Chapter 5, cont.
• Can study interior by studying seismic waves.
• Crust is made of plates that move
independently.
• Movement at plate boundaries can cause
earthquakes, volcanic activity, mountain ranges,
and rifts.
• New crust formed at rifts shows evidence of
magnetic field reversals.
• Earth’s magnetic field traps charged particles
from solar wind.
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Summary of Chapter 5, cont.
• Main surface features on Moon: maria,
highlands
• Heavily cratered
• No atmosphere and large day–night
temperature excursions
• Tidal interactions responsible for synchronicity
of Moon’s orbit
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Summary of Chapter 5, cont.
• The Moon’s surface has both rocky and
dusty material.
• There is evidence for volcanic activity.
• The Moon apparently formed as a result of a
large object colliding with Earth.
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Summary of Chapter 6
• Mercury is tidally locked in a 3:2 ratio with the
Sun.
• Mercury has no atmosphere; Venus has a very
dense atmosphere, whereas the atmosphere of
Mars is similar to Earth in composition but very
thin.
• Mercury has no maria, but does have extensive
intercrater plains and scarps.
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Summary of Chapter 6, cont.
• Venus is never too far from the Sun, and is
the brightest object in the sky (after the Sun
and Moon).
• It has many lava domes and shield volcanoes.
• Venus is comparable to Earth in mass and
radius.
• Large amount of carbon dioxide in
atmosphere, and closeness to the Sun, led to
runaway greenhouse effect and very hot
surface.
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Summary of Chapter 6, cont.
• Northern and southern hemispheres of Mars
are very different.
• South is higher and heavily cratered.
• North is lower and relatively flat.
• Major features: Tharsis bulge, Olympus Mons,
Valles Marineris
• Strong evidence for water on Mars in the past
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Summary of Chapter 6, cont.
• Mercury has very weak, remnant magnetic field.
• Venus has none, probably because of very slow
rotation.
• Neither Venus nor Mars show signs of
substantial tectonic activity.
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Summary of Chapter 7
• Jupiter and Saturn were known to the
ancients; Uranus was discovered by chance,
and Neptune was predicted from anomalies in
the orbit of Uranus.
• Jovian planets are large but not dense; they
are fluid and display differential rotation.
• Cloud layers have light zones and dark bands;
wind pattern, called zonal flow, is stable.
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Summary of Chapter 7, cont.
• Storms appear with regularity; the Great Red
Spot of Jupiter has lasted for hundreds of years
(that we know of).
• Due to conductive interiors and rapid rotation,
Jovian planets have large magnetic fields.
• Jupiter, Saturn, and Neptune radiate more
energy than they receive from the Sun.
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Summary of Chapter 8
• Outer solar system has 6 large moons, 12
medium ones, and many smaller ones.
• Titan has a thick atmosphere and may have
flowing rivers of methane.
• Triton has a fractured surface and a retrograde
orbit.
• Medium-sized moons of Saturn and Uranus are
mostly rock and water ice.
• Saturn’s rings are complex, and some are
defined by shepherd moons.
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Summary of Chapter 8, cont.
• The Roche limit is the closest a moon can
survive near a planet; inside this limit rings
form instead.
• Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune all have faint
ring systems.
• Pluto has three moons, Charon, Nix, and
Hydra.
• Dwarf planets beyond Neptune (including
Pluto) are now known as plutoids.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.