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LESSONS LEARNED FROM
PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS
INDONESIA
PART 1A: EARTHQUAKES
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for
Disaster Reduction, Vienna,
Virginia, USA
NATURAL HAZARDS THAT PLACE
INDONESIA’S COMMUNITIES AT RISK
EARTHQUAKES
GOAL: DISASTER
RESILIENCE
ENACT AND IMPLEMENT
POLICIES HAVING HIGH
BENEFIT/COST FOR
COMMUNITY RESILIENCE
TSUNAMIS
CYCLONES
FLOODS
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
PLATE TECTONICS MAP
INDONESIA
REGIONAL TECTONICS
• The Indo-Australian and
Eurasian plates meet in
Indonesia, creating a tectonic
setting that generates
earthquakes and volcanoes.
REGIONAL TECTONICS
• The Indo-Australian plate is moving
northward while being subducted
under the Eurasian plate creating a
zone marked by a submarine trench
that can be traced from the
northern tip of Sumatra to the
Lesser Islands.
ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE
ON EARTHQUAKES
EARTHQUAKES
AS PART OF THE PACIFIC “RING OF
FIRE,” INDONESIA EXPERIENCES
EARTHQUAKES AS A RESULT OF
ONGOING SUBDUCTION OF
THE INDO-AUSTRALIA AND EURASIA
TECTONIC PLATES
SUBDUCTION ZONE
INDONESIA: SEISMICITY
EARTHQUAKE
RISK
•QUAKE HAZARDS
• BLDGS., LIFELINES
•VULNERABILITY
•LOCATION
DATA BASES
AND INFORMATION
ACCEPTABLE RISK
RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
INDONESIA’S
GOAL: EARTHQUAKE
DISASTER RESILIENCE
COMMUNITIES
POLICY OPTIONS
HAZARDS:
GROUND SHAKING
GROUND FAILURE
SURFACE FAULTING
TECTONIC DEFORMATION
TSUNAMI RUN UP
AFTERSHOCKS
• PREPAREDNESS
•PROTECTION
•EARLY WARNING
•EMERGENCY RESPONSE
•RECOVERY and
RECONSTRUCTION
CAUSES
OF
DAMAGE
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO
HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT
(SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND
FAILURE)
EARTHQUAKES
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION
AND PLAN
“DISASTER
LABORATORIES”
FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF
UTILITIES
LACK OF DETAILING AND
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
INATTENTION TO
NONSTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
LESSONS LEARNED FOR
DISASTER RESILIENCE
• ALL EARTHQUAKES
• PREPAREDNESS
MEANS THAT YOU
UNDERSTAND THE
RISKS ASSOCIATED
WITH STRONG
GROUND SHAKING
AND PLAN IN
ADVANCE.
LESSONS LEARNED FOR
DISASTER RESILIENCE
• ALL
EARTHQUAKES
• PROTECTION OF
PEOPLE, BUILDINGS
AND INFRASTRUCTURE WITH
MODERN CODES AND
STANDARDS IS
ESSENTIAL FOR
COMMUNITY
RESILIENCE.
LESSONS LEARNED FOR
DISASTER RESILIENCE
• ALL
EARTHQUAKES
• PREPAREDNESS
FOR MASSIVE
GROUND FAILURE
IS ESSENTIAL
FOR COMMUNITY
RESILIENCE.
LESSONS LEARNED FOR
DISASTER RESILIENCE
• ALL
EARTHQUAKES
• CAPACITY FOR
INTELLIGENT
EMERGENCY
RESPONSE IS
ESSENTIAL FOR
COMMUNITY
RESILIENCE.
INDONESIA’S MOST NOTABLE
RECENT EARTHQUAKES
DECEMBER 26, 2004 –- M9.3
SEPTEMBER 30, 2009 — M7.6
OCTOBER 1, 2009 — M6.6
THE EARTHQUAKE/TSUNAMI
DISASTER OF DECEMBER 26, 2004
• A reverse fault ruptured the sea floor
for more than 1,000 km, generating a
M9.3 earthquake and a tsunami that
traveled the Indian Ocean, devastating
Indonesia and other rim countries,
leaving over 220,000 dead.
THE EARTHQUAKE
• The M9.3 earthquake was located
260 km (155 miles) from Banda
Ache, SUMATRA
LOCATION
THE TSUNAMI
• A major tsunami
that traveled the
Indian Ocean
was generated
in the December
26, 2004
subduction-zone
earthquake.
SUDDEN CHANGE IN
VOLCANIC ACTIVITY
After the December 26, 2004 M9.3
Banda Ache earthquake and
tsunami occurred, volcanic
activity increased with some of
Indonesia’s dormant volcanoes
becoming active again.
LOCATION
THE WEST SUMATRA EARTHQUAKE:
SEPTEMBER 30, 2009
• A devastating M7.6 earthquake
occurred on Wednesday night,
September 30, 2009.
• It occurred on the same fault system
that broke on December 26, 2004,
generating the M9.3 earthquake and
the devastating Indian Ocean tsunami.
THE JAMBI EARTHQUAKE OF
OCTOBER 1, 2009
• A M6.6 earthquake occurred on
Thursday morning, October 1, just as
the airport was reopening and rescue
teams were beginning their work.
• Fortunately, the epicenter was 230 km
(140 miles) southeast of the M7.6
quake.
PADANG PARIAMAN:
OCTOBER 1, 2009
• Before the earthquake, Padang
Pariaman, closest to the quake’s
epicenter in the Indian Ocean, was a
cluster of villages built on the flanks of
surrounding mountains, overlooking
rice paddies and a river.
• A landslide triggered by the quake
destroyed the villages and the road
that connected them.
LANDSLIDE: PADANG PARIAMAN
CAUSES
OF
DAMAGE
SITING AND BUILDING ON
UNSTABLE SLOPES
SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE
TO FALLS
SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE
TO TOPPLES
LANDSLIDES
SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE
TO SPREADS
CASE HISTORIES
SOIL AND ROCK
SUSCEPTIBLE TO FLOWS
PRECIPITATION THAT
TRIGGERS SLOPE FAILURE
SHAKING
GROUND SHAKING THAT
TRIGGERS SLOPE FAILURE
PADANG: OCTOBER 1, 2009
• The port city of Padang (population of
900,000) was in chaos on Thursday,
October 1, after a powerful M7.6
earthquake struck the island of
Sumatra on Wednesday.
• Fires were burning, sirens blaring,
dazed residents wandering in streets
covered with rubble, and hundreds
trapped beneath collapsed buildings.
PADANG: OCTOBER 1, 2009
• Nearly every building over three stories
in Padang suffered damage from the
first quake, which was just 50 km (30
miles) away.
• Padang’s three main hospitals
collapsed.
PADANG
PADANG: COLLAPSE OF
BUILDINGS
PADANG: FIRE
PADANG: DAMAGE
PADANG: COLLAPSED
BUILDING
PADANG: OCTOBER 1, 2009
• At least 1,300 people were dead, but ...
• The death toll was expected to rise as
search and rescue workers dug into
collapsed hospitals, offices, hotels,
homes, buried villages, and a school,
where an estimated 3,000 people were
trapped under the rubble.
PADANG: DAMAGED AND
COLLAPSED BUILDINGS
PADANG: RUBBLE FROM
COLLAPSED BUILDINGS
PADANG: SEARCH AND
RESCUE
PADANG: SEARCH AND
RESCUE
PADANG: SEARCH AND
RESCUE
LESSONS LEARNED FOR
DISASTER RESILIENCE
• ALL
EARTHQUAKES
• CAPACITY FOR
RECOVERY AND
RECONSTRUCTION
IS ESSENTIAL FOR
COMMUNITY
RESILIENCE.
PRELIMINARY IMPACTS
• The powerful earthquakes
devastated 10,581 houses, 88
public facilities, 77 places of
worship, 76 school buildings,
and 68 government offices in
Pariaman alone.
NOTE:
Indonesia’s long, slow recovery
process from the December 26,
2004 earthquake/tsunami disaster
was hindered by these quakes.
MANY HELPING HANDS FROM
ABROAD, AS IN 2004
• Helping hands were extended
immediately by a number of countries:
Malaysia, Singapore, Australia, Saudi
Arabia, the UK, the USA, Germany,
South Korea, China, Japan, Russia,
Qatar, the United Arab Emirates,
Denmark, Switzerland, Thailand,
Taiwan and Norway.
TOWARDS DISASTER RISK
REDUCTION FOR EARTHQUAKES
RISK ASSESSMENT
• VULNERABILITY
• COST
• EXPOSURE
EARTHQUAKES
• EVENT
EXPECTED
LOSS
• BENEFIT
•CONSEQUENCES
POLICY ASSESSMENT
POLICY
ADOPTION