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LESSONS LEARNED FROM
PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS.
THE PHILIPPINES.
PART 1: EARTHQUAKES
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for
Disaster Reduction, Vienna,
Virginia, USA
NATURAL HAZARDS THAT PLACE THE
PHILIPPINES’ COMMUNITIES AT RISK
EARTHQUAKES
GOAL: DISASTER
RESILIENCE
ENACT AND IMPLEMENT
POLICIES HAVING HIGH
BENEFIT/COST FOR
COMMUNITY RESILIENCE
TYPHOONS
FLOODS
LANDSLIDES
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
THE PHILIPPINES
SEISMICITY MAP
EARTHQUAKES
EARTHQUAKES OCCUR FREQUENTLY IN
THE PHILIPPINES AS A RESULT OF
COMPLEX INTERACTIONS OF THE
PHILIPPINE AND EURASIAN PLATES
THE PHILIPPINES PLATE
CAUSES
OF
DAMAGE
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO
HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT
(SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND
FAILURE)
EARTHQUAKES
“DISASTER
LABORATORIES”
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION
AND PLAN
TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP
POOR DETAILING AND WEAK
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
FRAGILITY OF NON-STRUCTURAL
ELEMENTS
EARTHQUAKE RISK
•QUAKE HAZARDS
•BLDG. INVENTORY
•VULNERABILITY
•LOCATION
DATA BASES
AND INFORMATION
ACCEPTABLE RISK
RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
PHILIPPINES’
GOAL: EARTHQUAKE
DISASTER RESILIENCE
COMMUNITIES
POLICY OPTIONS
HAZARDS:
GROUND SHAKING
GROUND FAILURE
SURFACE FAULTING
TECTONIC DEFORMATION
TSUNAMI RUN UP
AFTERSHOCKS
• PREPAREDNESS
•PROTECTION
•EARLY WARNING
•EMERGENCY RESPONSE
•RECOVERY and
RECONSTRUCTION
SOME OF THE PHILIPPINES’
NOTABLE EARTHQUAKE
EXPERIENCES
AUGUST 16, 1976
JULY 16, 1990
AUGUST 31, 2012
THE MINDANAO EARTHQUAKE
AND GULF OF MORO TSUNAMI
The Philippines’ Worst
Earthquake/Tsunami Disaster
M7.9
AUGUST 16, 1976
LOCATION
THE EARTHQUAKE
• Occurring at night when schools and
offices were closd, the fatalities were
relatively low (about 800) despite
extensive damage to buildings due to
poor construction and/or inadequate
foundations.
• Bridges and roads in Mindanao and the
city of Cotobato were damaged.
COTOBATO: DAMAGED
BRIDGE
Unfortunately, there was no time for
the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center
to issue a warning before a large
local tsunami struck the region just
minutes after the earthquake,
THE GULF OF MORO
TSUNAMI
• The destructive tsunami generated in
the Gulf of Moro and in the Celebes Sea
killed about 90 percent of the estimated
8,000 total fatalities, hitting peope in
coastal communities in North and
South Zamboanga, North and South
Lanao, North Cotabato, Maguindanao
and Sultan Kudarat (Mindanao), and in
the neighboring Sulu Islands.
THE LUZON EARTHQUAKE
M7.8
JULY 16, 1990
4:26 pm
LOCATION
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Luzon
_earthquake
OCCURRENCE
• The earthquake occurred on the
Philippine fault system, a wellknown strike-slip fault zone.
• The rupture produced a 125 kmlong surface scarp stretching from
Dingalan, Aurora to Cuvapo, Nueva
Eciia.
LESSONS LEARNED FOR
DISASTER RESILIENCE
• ALL NOTABLE
EARTHQUAKES
• PROTECTION OF
BUILDINGS AND
INFRASTRUCTURE
IS ESSENTIAL
FOR COMMUNITY
RESILIENCE.
Baguio City was isolated
from the rest of the
Philippines for 48 hours
after the quake.
BAGUIO CITY: DAMAGE TO
BUILDINGS
• Baguio City, a popular tourist
destination, situated about 1,500 m
(1 mile) above sea level, was among the
areas hardest hit by the earthquake.
• The collapsed and damaged buildings
in Baguio City included hotels,
factories, government and university
buildings, and homes..[
HYATT TERACES HOTEL:
80 DEAD
BAGUIO CITY: DAMAGE TO
LIFELINE SYSTEMS
• Electric, water and communication
lines were destroyed.
• Kennon Road, the main vehicular
route to Baguio, as well as other
access routes to the mountain city,
were shut down by landslides
FATALITIES
• An estimated 1,621 people were
killed in the earthquake, with
most of the fatalities located in
the Central Luzon and Cordillera region
M7.6 EARTHQUAKE STRIKES 140 KM
FROM SAMAR PROVINCE ON
EAST COAST OF THE PHILIPPINES
34 KM DEEP
8:47 PM
AUGUST 31, 2012
LOCATION MAP
THE PHILIPPINES’ RENATO
SOLIDUM POINTS TO EPICENTER
LESSONS LEARNED FOR
DISASTER RESILIENCE
• ALL NOTABLE
EARTHQUAKES
• PREPAREDNESS
PLANNING FOR
THE INEVITABLE
GROUND
SHAKING IS
ESSENTIAL FOR
COMMUNITY
RESILIENCE.
CAGAYAN DE ORO:
A COLLAPSED HOUSE
DAMAGED ROAD
DAMAGED ROAD
LESSONS LEARNED FOR
DISASTER RESILIENCE
• ALL NATURAL
HAZARDS
• CAPACITY FOR
INTELLIGENT
EMERGENCY
RESPONSE IS
ESSENTIAL FOR
COMMUNITY
RESILIENCE.
SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS
• Wide spread power outages
occurred in Samar Province
• One person was killed when a
landslide engulfed the home in
Cagayan de Oro City.
THE PACIFIC TSUNAMI WARNING
CENTER ISSUED A TSUNAMI
WARNING, WHICH WAS LIFTED
AFTER 2 HOURS
LESSONS LEARNED FOR
DISASTER RESILIENCE
• ALL NATURAL
HAZARDS
• CAPACITY FOR
RECOVERY AND
RECONSTRUCTION
IS ESSENTIAL FOR
COMMUNITY
RESILIENCE.