Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Take Five Of all of the different types of natural disasters, which, in your opinion, is the most devastating and why? Unit #1 Chps 2 & 3 Recap from Scavenger Hunt… Earth is 93 million miles from the sun The Earth is made up of the core (iron & nickel) surrounded by the mantle (which is the majority of the earth’s mass). Alfred Wegener (1912) believed that all the continents were once united as PANGEA Continental drift…slowly broke apart Recap from Scavenger Hunt The atmosphere contains oxygen The lithosphere—sold rock portion of the earth’s surface • 7 continents: North America, South America, Africa, Asia, Europe, Antarctica and Australia The hydrosphere—the water elements of the earth • Atlantic, Pacific, Indian & Arctic The biosphere—part of the earth where plants, animals & humans live Recap from Scavenger Hunt Bodies of Water Hydrologic cycle: continuous circulation of water between the atmosphere, oceans & the earth 71% of the earth is covered by salt water Lakes hole 95% of the world’s fresh water • Largest lake: Lake Baikal, Russia • Largest saltwater lake: Caspian Sea Wally Points… Describe cycle… the process of the hydrologic What causes earthquakes? Repositioning of the earth’s tectonic plates at a fault (fracture in the earth’s crust) Divergent boundary—plates move apart, spreading horizontally Convergent boundary—Plates collide, causing one plate to lodge under another or the edges to crumple together Transform boundary—plates slide past each other How are earthquakes measured? Seismographs detect & measure the size of earthquakes on a Richter scale (1-10 strength of earthquakes) 8.9 has been the largest recorded earthquake Kermadec Islands of South Pacific 1986 Can cause tsunamis Wally Points How do humans, interacting with their environment, lessen the impact of an earthquake? San Francisco Earthquake, 1906 Northridge Earthquake, 1994 Northridge Earthquake, 1994 Northridge Earthquake 6.9 magnitude 57 deaths 4:30 am Response times Hospital and emergency facilities Vs…1971 Earthquake—65 deaths, 6:01am What causes tsunami’s? Earthquakes can cause a tsunami A tsunami can travel up to 450 MPH & produce 50-100 foot waves Largest tsunami 1971 off Ryukyu Islands near Japan—238 foot wave 2004 Phuket,Thailand Tsunami Tsunami Deaths - 2004 Asian Tsunami Tsunami deaths through February 9, 2005 Country Confirmed and Presumed Deaths Indonesia 242,347 Sri Lanka 30,957 India 16,389 Thailand 5,393 Somalia 298 Maldives 82 Malaysia 68 Myanmar 61 Tanzania 10 Bangladesh 2 Kenya 1 Total 295,608 Wally Points… How is the death toll so high? Assignment… From your research, prepare a brochure about your particular disaster (given yesterday in class) What causes it? What are the warning signs, if any? Include information as examples of the destruction and devastation from the specific events that you have researched as evidence to convince individuals about the dangers of the natural phenomena. Also include how humans can alter the affects of a natural disaster. Take Five (1) What is an “epicenter”? (2) What is a “ring of fire”? (3) Why do you think that people continue to live very close to active volcanoes? What causes volcanoes? Most volcanoes are found along tectonic plate boundaries Magma, gases and water from the lower portion of the crust or mantle collect in underground chambers and then erupt Magma that has reached the earth’s surface is called lava Volcanoes are unpredictable and may be dormant for hundreds of years The Ring of Fire is the location of the majority of volcanoes along the rim of the Pacific Ocean Ring of Fire World’s Largest Volcanoes: (1) Mount Mazma/Crater Lake, Oregon 6000 yrs ago (2) Mount Etna, Sicily, Italy: Has the highest activity level in Europe (3) Mount Vesuvius 79 AD…Pompeii Pompeii Wally Points… Are there any indications that a volcano is about to erupt? What is the difference between a volcano and a geyser or hot spring? What causes a hurricane? Hurricanes are storms that form over warm, tropical ocean waters They are called typhoons in Asia The “eye” or center is usually 10-20 miles wide and has clear, calm skies, but the winds may be moving at over 200 MPH Hurricanes are classified as Category 1-5 storms What do the categories really mean? CAT Winds & Effects Surge 1 74-95 mph 4-5 ft No real damage to building structures. Damage primarily to unanchored mobile homes, shrubbery, and trees. Also, some coastal flooding and minor pier damage. 2 Some roofing material, door, and window damage. Considerable damage to vegetation, mobile homes, etc. Flooding damages piers and small craft in unprotected moorings may break their moorings. 3 Some structural damage to small residences and utility buildings, with a minor amount of curtain wall failures. Mobile homes are destroyed. Flooding near the coast destroys smaller structures with larger structures damaged by floating debris. Terrain may be flooded well inland. 4 More extensive curtain wall failures with some complete roof structure failure on small residences. Major erosion of beach areas. Terrain may be flooded well inland. 5 Complete roof failure on many residences and industrial buildings. Some complete building failures with small utility buildings blown over or away. Flooding causes major damage to lower floors of all structures near the shoreline. Massive evacuation of residential areas may be required. 96-110 mph 111-130 mph 131-155 mph 155 mph+ 6-8 ft 9-12 ft 13-18 ft 18 ft + Hurricane Katrina What causes tornadoes? Tornadoes are powerful funnel shaped columns of spiraling air They are unpredictable Singapore… Waterspout 2007 F-3 Tornado F-4 Tornado F-5 Tornado Fujita Tornado Damage Scale Developed in 1971 by T. Theodore Fujita of the University of Chicago F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 SCALE WIND ESTIMATE *** (MPH) TYPICAL DAMAGE < 73 Light damage. Some damage to chimneys; branches broken off trees; shallow-rooted trees pushed over; sign boards damaged. 73-112 Moderate damage. Peels surface off roofs; mobile homes pushed off foundations or overturned; moving autos blown off roads. 113-157 Considerable damage. Roofs torn off frame houses; mobile homes demolished; boxcars overturned; large trees snapped or uprooted; lightobject missiles generated; cars lifted off ground. 158-206 Severe damage. Roofs and some walls torn off well-constructed houses; trains overturned; most trees in forest uprooted; heavy cars lifted off the ground and thrown. 207-260 Devastating damage. Well-constructed houses leveled; structures with weak foundations blown away some distance; cars thrown and large missiles generated. 261-318 Incredible damage. Strong frame houses leveled off foundations and swept away; automobile-sized missiles fly through the air in excess of 100 meters (109 yds); trees debarked; incredible phenomena will occur. Take Five What is worse—too much water or not enough water? What causes a blizzard? A heavy snowstorm with winds of more than 35 MPH and reduced visibility Can result in large snowdrifts Can lead to deaths of livestock as well as humans Largest snowfall in a given day 76 inches in Silver Lake, Colorado The “Blizzard of 93”—in GA??? What causes a drought? A long period of time without rainfall Causes crop failures and reduces watertable and other water resources Can also cause deaths in livestock for lack of food and water Dust storms can occur along with a drought Dust Bowl during the Great Depression (1930s) is one of the more severe droughts in America What causes flooding? When precipitation is not able to be absorbed into the earth due to heavy rainfall (as in the case of flash floods) or streams or rivers become engorged and water levels rise above and out of the banks In Class Assignment--** Should take about 20-30 min** Using printer paper create a thematic map of weather patterns illustrating which areas of America are prone to hurricanes, tornadoes, blizzards, earthquakes & volcanoes—include a legend (the map does not have to be perfect) When you are finished, this will go into your portfolio Take Five (1) What is the difference between mechanical and chemical weathering? (2) What agents can break apart rocks? Other external forces shaping the earth Weathering: physical and chemical processes that change the characteristics of rock Mechanical weathering—breaking rock into smaller pieces—does not change the composition of the rock Chemical weathering—when rock is transformed into a new substance as a result of the interaction between elements in the air/water and the minerals in the rock Other external forces shaping the earth The effects of erosion: weathered materials are moved by actions of wind, water, ice or gravity Erosion may create new landforms or move existing landforms Types of Erosion Water erosion: through the force of the water, riverbanks, lakes, stream banks etc, may erode the rock and sediment from the shore causing the body of water to become wider and deeper Sometimes the sediment and rock that is picked up from the banks and shores of rivers may be deposited in a fan-like landform called a delta Water erosion (con’t) Waves may also erode the beaches or build up sediment deposits to create sandbars or islands Beach Erosion Wind Erosion Winds that reach at least 11 MPH move fine sediment (loess) from one location to the next Dust storms are perfect examples of wind erosion Glaciations Erosion of landforms through slow moving glaciers Glacier movement can create valleys and ridges (moraine) Chunks of ice may be lodged in sediment causing depressions or kettles that turn into lakes when the ice melts Glaciers may also have tunnels running under them formed by running water Glaciations Wally Points… How can humans slow down the erosion process? Take Five (1) Give an example of each type of precipitation… (2) What does “convection” refer to? (3) What are the 3 zones of latitude? (4) What is the difference between El Nino & La Nina? (5) What is the “greenhouse” effect? Answers: (2) Convection = the transfer to heat in the atmosphere by the upward motion of air (3) Low/tropical, middle/temperate, & high/polar (4) * El Nino=warming of the waters off the west coast of S America * La Nina-Winds blowing the warmer water to the lands on the western Pacific rim (5) greenhouse effect=global temperature increases Building the soil Soil = the loose mixture of weathered rock, organic matter (humus), air and water that supports plant growth 5 Factors to soil: Parent material—chemical composition of original rock Relief-mountainsides do not erode and do not create Organisms-Plants, small animals that decompose material Climate-hot climates produce different types of soil density than wet climates Time—approx. 2.5 cubic centimeters of soil is created per century What causes the seasons & the weather? Seasons are caused by the earth’s rotation & revolution around the sun Equinox marks the beginning of a new season Weather is the condition of the atmosphere in relation to the distance of the earth to the sun as well as water vapor; cloud cover; landforms & bodies of water; elevation & air movement Recap from Take Five… What are the types of precipitation? Convectional—mostly hot climates—warm air rises, water vapor condenses & water droplets form into clouds Orographic—mostly mountainous regions, precipitation falls on the windward side of the mountain and creates a rain shadow (b/c receives little rain) Frontal—cold dense air masses that push lighter warm air masses upward causing precipitation Take Five What is the difference between weather & climate? What are the climate regions? What is a biome? What are the four types of biomes? Using the climograph on page 64 answer questions 1, 2 & 3 Vegetation Ecosystem=plants & animals that are connected to each other Ecosystem of a region= biome Forest, grassland, desert & tundra Biomes… Forestlands Grasslands-flat, grassy, few trees Deciduous trees-broadleaf trees-maple, oak, birch & cottonwood Coniferous-cone bearing-pine, fir & cedar Mixed forest or rainforest Tropical=savanna Northern Hemisphere=steppe (prairie) Southern Hemisphere=pampas Desert & Tundra-extreme climates (hot or cold) Assignment (Place in portfolio notebook) Complete the Chp 3 Assessment on pg 68-69—Do not complete (1) Section A— places & terms, Question #8 under Main Ideas, (2) GeoActivity or (3) Internet Activity