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Transcript
Bacteria MAJOR Characteristics • Found EVERYWHERE – Ubiquitous! – Dominant the biosphere – Found in ALL habitats MAJOR Characteristics • Different from Eukaryotic cells – Smaller and lack nucleus & membrane bound organelles – Eubacteria has cells walls made of peptidoglycan – One single, double stranded circular DNA Function of the Cell Wall **Remember cell walls are only found in bacteria in the Eubacteria domain** • Maintains cell shape and structure • Protection for the cell • Prevents cell from bursting • Composed of peptidoglycan • Different from the cell walls of plants (cellulose) and fungi (chitin) • • • Bacteria Structure Unicellular or can aggregate into groups Pili – used in conjugation for DNA (plasmid) transfer Different shapes: 1. Cocci or coccus (spherical or round) 2. Bacilli or bacillus (cylindrical or rod shaped) 3. Sprilla or spirillum (spiral, helical, spirochete) Guess the Correct Shape! Cocci Bacilli Spirilla Bacilli Cocci Motility in Bacteria • Structures may be attached to the cell wall of bacteria to aid in motility: – Flagellum: rotates like a propeller to move the cell – Pili: helps bacteria attach to one another in conjugation (transfer plasmid) or helps attach to surfaces Bacterial Reproduction & Survival • Bacteria does NOT undergo Mitosis or Meiosis • Binary Fission – Asexual reproduction – Bacteria doubles its DNA, grows 2x its size then splits in half – Produces identical offspring Bacterial Reproduction & Survival • Spore formation – Adaptation that allows bacteria to survive in adverse conditions – A hard protective wall forms around the bacterial DNA (this allows the bacteria to survive for centuries!!!) – When favorable conditions, the spore disappears and the bacteria revives Benefits of Bacteria • Decomposers & Recyclers – Puts essential nutrients back into the ground • Food Processing – Used to produce yogurt, cheese, butter, pickles, sauerkraut • Mutualistic Inhabitants of our Digestive Tract – Aid in digestion; produce vitamin K – we give them a warm, moist environment Benefits of Bacteria • Nitrogen Fixation – convert nitrogen to a useable form that plants can use • Genetics & Medicine – Bacterial genes are used in genetic engineering of food and medicine – Ex: insulin production Bacteria & Disease • Mode of Attack – bacteria can cause disease in two general ways: 1. Direct Attack – Bacteria attacks cells and tissues directly – Breaks down cells & tissues and uses their materials – Ex: strep, gonorrhea, pneumonia 2. Toxin Production – Toxins are poisons released by some bacteria – Bacteria can release exotoxins that circulate around the body and cause disease Other Examples of Bacterial Disease Lyme disease, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, whooping cough, tetanus, gangrene, leprosy, syphilis, diphtheria, anthrax, Bubonic plague, cholera, tuberculosis, necrotizing fasciitis (flesh eating bacteria), toxic shock syndrome Other Pathogenic Microorganisms Kingdom Protista 1. Giardia lamblia – Animal-like protist found in freshwater streams & lakes – Causes Giardiasis; symptoms include diarrhea & abdominal cramps 2. Plasmodium – Parasitic animal-like protist that causes malaria – Parasite enters human via mosquito bites – Symptoms include fever, chills, exhaustion Other Pathogenic Microorganisms Kingdom Fungi • Fungal disease include: – Athletes foot, ringworm, yeast infections Other Pathogenic Microorganisms Kingdom Animalia • Hookworm, tapeworm, mites (lice), Ascaris