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Lecture 13: The Classification of Living Organisms تصنيف الكائنات الحية Taxonomy علم التصنيف Taxonomy: is that branch of biology, concerned with the grouping and naming تسميةof organisms. The modern taxonomic system was developed by the Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus ( كارلوس لينيوس1707-1788). He classified all known organisms into two large kingdoms: a) Kingdom Plantae المملكة النباتية b) Kingdom Animalia المملكة الحيوانية Linnaeus developed a 7 level classification system based on similarities between organisms. Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species مملكة شعبة طائفة رتبة عائلة جنس نوع Linnaeus classified species as the smallest unit. Species is a Latin word meaning “kind” or “appearance” الشكل الظاهري Differences between species based on: a) Morphological differences اختالفات شكلية b)The potential to interbreed القدرة على التزاوجwith each other in nature to produce fertile offspring نسل خصيب Robert Whittaker روبرت وايتكرin 1969 proposed five kingdoms: 1) Kingdom: Animalia مملكة الحيوان 3) Kingdom: Fungi مملكة الفطريات 2) Kingdom: Plantae مملكة النبات 5) Kingdom: Monera مملكة البدائيات 4) Kingdom: Protista مملكة الطالئعيات Binomial nomenclature التسمية الثنائية Developed by Carolus Linnaeus. Binomial nomenclature consists of two names: The first name is the organism’s genus The second name is the organism’s species What rules are used to write scientific names? 1. The first letter of the genus is always capitalized. 2. The first letter of the species is always lowercase. 3. Scientific names of organisms are always italicized or underlined. For example, Linnaeus assigned to humans the scientific name Homo sapiens, which means “wise man ”اإلنسان العاقل. Systematic position of human الوضع التقسيمي لإلنسان Kingdom: Animalia المملكة الحيوانية Phylum: Chordata شعبة الحبليات Class: Mammalia طائفة الثدييات Order: Primates رتبة الرئيسيات Family: Hominidae عائلة البشر Genus: Homo Species: sapiens الجنس البشري اإلنسان First: Kingdom of Monera مملكة البدائيات All the organisms of this kingdom are prokaryotes بدائية النواة. This means all cells do not have nuclear membrane. They are unicellular organisms كائنات وحيدة الخلية The kingdom is divided into two groups, a) Bacteria and b) Archaea. Monera exist in habitats الموطنthat are too cold, too hot, too salty, too acidic, or too alkaline. Classification of Kingdom Monera Based on Mode of Nutrition طريقة التغذية 1) Autotrophs ذاتي التغذية 2) Heterotrophs غير ذاتي التغذية a) Saprophyte ترمم b) Parasitism تطفل c) Symbiosis تكافل i) Mutualism ii) Commensalism تقايض تعايش Autotrophic bacteria: bacteria which prepare their own food. Heterotrophic bacteria: bacteria which are dependent on other organisms for their food. Parasitic bacteria: bacteria obtain their food from the tissues of living organisms (host )العائلand cause harm to the host. Saprophytic bacteria: bacteria obtain their food from dead organic matter. Mutualism: a relationship between individuals of different species in which both individuals benefit. Commensalism: a relationship between individuals of different species in which one organism benefits without affecting the other A) Bacteria Bacteria can be classified by shape into Bacillus عصوية, Coccus كرويةor Spirillum حلزونية. Different types of diseases are caused by bacteria include: cholera, many sexually diseases األمراض الجنسية, and certain types of food poisoning التسمم الغذائي However, more bacteria are beneficial مفيدة. o Bacteria in our intestines أمعائنا produce important vitamins. o Bacteria recycle CO2 and other chemical elements between organic matter and the soil and atmosphere. B) Archaea Archaea can be classified into: a)- Halophiles محب للملوحة live in saline waters (high salt concentrations) as the Great Salt Lake and the Dead Sea. Some species require an extremely salty environment to grow. b)- Thermophiles محب للحرارة live in hot environments (hot springs). The optimum temperatures for most thermophiles are 60 - 80°C.