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GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA
Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine
Bacteriology
March 2004
Amy Fayette
What is the major source of infection
with Listeria monocytogenes?
• Silage
• pH over 5.5
What is the morphology of
rhodococcus equi?
• Gram +
• Some rods, some cocci
What is a synonym of C.
pseudotuberculosis?
• C. ovis
What is the most common sign of C.
pseudotuberculosis in horses?
• Ulcerative lymphangitis
• Abscesses and swellings in lnn. That burst and
leave ulcers
What are the host factors behind
rhodococcus equi?
• Age- 6 weeks
• Breed lines
What is the bacteria that causes
listeriosis?
• Listeria monocytogenes
What is the most common sign of C.
pseudotuberculosis in sheep?
• Pus filled lymph nodes
What are the forms of disease caused
by Listeria monocytogenes?
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Neural disease- meningoencephalitis
Septicemia
Abortion
Mastitis
What is the morphology of typical
corynebacterium spp.?
• Small gram + rods
• Club-shaped swellings at one or both ends
• “chinese lettering”
What is the morphology of
Actinomyces?
• Gram +
• Slender rods
What causes cystitis and pyelonephritis
in cattle and “pizzle rot” in sheep and
goats?
• Corynebacterium renale group
• C. renale
• C. pilosum
• C. cystidis
What is the disease forms associated
with Actinomyces suis?
• Habitat is prepuce and urethra of boar
• Disease only in sow, causing cystitis and
pyelonephritis
How is tetanus diagnosed?
• Clinical signs
• Discovery of appropriate wound
What is the morphology of
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?
• Gram +
• slender rods
What is the main cause of pizzle rot
in sheep?
• High protein diet
What are the main forms of
erysipelas in pigs?
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Septicemia
Diamond skin lesions (urticaria)
Endocarditis
arthritis
What is the disease associated with
Actinomyces bovis in horses?
• Infection of bursae in horses
• “poll evil” or “fistulous withers”
What is the bacteria associated with
Swine erysipelas?
• Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
What is the morphology of Listeria
monocytogenes?
• Small gram + rods
• May be coccoid
How is Listeria typically enriched in
the laboratory?
• “cold enrichment”
What is the morphology of
Arcanobacterium pyogenes?
• Small gram + rods
• Resemble corynebacterium
What is the disease associated with
Actinomyces bovis in cattle?
• “lumpy jaw”
• Caused by erupting teeth or abrasive food
What are the disease forms
associated with clostridium
sordellii?
• Isolated from sudden deaths, and “big head”
in rams
What are the disease forms
associated with clostridium
botulinum in wild birds?
• “limberneck”- ingestion of rotting vegetation
and dead invertebrates
• Ingestion of dead fish
What are the signs associated with
rhodococcus equi?
• Bronchopenumonia
• Extensive anscessation and lymphangitis
• Necrotizing enterocolitis with ulceration
What is the disease forms associated
with Nocardia asteroides?
• Cattle
• mastitis
• Dogs, cats
• aspiration of organisms
• Blood stained purulent fluid in pleural cavity
What are the disease forms
associated with clostridium
perfringes Type A?
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Gas gangrene (man and occasionally animals)
Food Poisoning (man
Colitis in horses
Necrotic enteritis in chickens
Enterotoxemic jaundice in lambs
What is another name for
Rhodococcus equi?
• Corynebacterium equi
What are the predisposing factors of
dermatophilus congolensis?
• Prolonged rainfall
• Humid conditions
• Heavy tick infestation
What are the disease forms
associated with clostridium
perfringes Type B?
• Lamb dysentery
• 2d-2wks old
• Causes severed diarrhea sometimes with blood
• Neonatal hemorrhagic enteritis in calves and
foals
• Enterotoxemia in adult sheep and goats
What is the morphology of
dermatophilus congolensis?
• Gram + rods
• Branching filaments
• Motile zoospores
What is the significance of
Corynebacterium bovis?
• Commensal of bovine udder
• Provokes neutrophil response, thought to
protect the udder from more serious infections
What are the disease forms
associated with clostridium
perfringes Type C?
• Hemorrhagic enterotoxemia- esp. in neonatal
piglets, lambs, foals and calves
• Necrotic enteritis- chicks under 2 weeks
• Enterotoxemia in post weaning/ adult sheep in
Britain and adult goats
What is the general lesion produced
by actinomyces spp.?
• Pyogranulomatous lesions
• Presence of hard “sulfur granules”
What is the morphology of bacillus
spp.?
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Large gram+ rods
Aerobic or facultative anaerobic
Sporeforming
Catalase +
What are the disease forms
associated with clostridium
perfringes Type D?
• Enterotoxemia (“pulpy kidney”)
• Associated with change in diet usually for better
• Increases cerebral pressure which causes nervous
signs
• Also causes hydropericardium, and edema of lungs
• Hyperglycemia, and glucosuria
• Enterotoxemia in goats and possibly cattle
What are the cultural characteristics
of streptococcus?
• Facultative anaerobes
• Catalase neg (staph catalase pos)
What are the cultural characteristics
of Actinomyces?
• Anaerobic or microaerophilic- some CO2
prefered
What are the disease forms
associated with Staph hyicus?
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“Greasy pig disease”
“exudative epidermitis”
Primarily in Suckling piglets
Excessive sebaceous secretion
Subacute disease- thickening and wrinkling of
skin
What is the disease forms associated
with bovine farcy?
• Nocardia sp.
• Infection of the lymphatics of the lower limbs
or head of cattle
What are the disease forms
associated with clostridium
perfringes Type E?
• Enteritis/enterotoxemia in calves and lambs
What is the morphology of Nocardia
spp.
• Slender gram + rods and filaments
• Modified acid-fast
What are some synonyms of
dermatophilus congolensis?
• Cattle- dermatophilosis, streptothricosis,
senkobo skin disease
• Sheep- lumpy wool, mycotic dermatitis,
strawberry footrot
• Horse- rain scald
What are the disease forms
associated with staph intermedius?
• Pyoderma in dogs and cats
• Lesions in skin folds
• Otitis externa
What is the disease forms associated
with B. anthracis?
• Septicemia with sudden death
• Dark, tarry unclotted blood oozing from
orifices
• Spleen is greatly enlarged
What is the disease forms associated
with Actinomyces hordeovulneris?
• Injury by grass awns
• Local abscesses and serositis
What are the disease forms
associated with clostridium
piliforme?
• Was: bacillus piliformis
• Aka: tyzzers disease
• Enteritis of lower small intestine and proximal
large intestine and focal necrosis of liver
• Disease seen in young animals
What are the three most common
streptococci associated with bovine
mastitis?
• S. agalactiae
• S. dysgalactiae
• S. uberis
What is the disease forms associated
with dermatophilus congolensis?
• Scab and crust formation with shallow clean
wound underneath
What is the disease forms associated
with Arcanobacterium pyogenes?
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“summer mastitis”
Transmission by flies
Non-lactating heifers and cows
Abscesses, empyemas and pyogranulomas
What is the disease forms associated
with Streptococcus suis?
• Meningitis, arthritis, pneumonia, and
septicemia in pigs
What are the disease forms
associated with clostridium
spiroforme?
• Spontaneous diarrhea in weanling rabbits
• Antibiotic-induced diarrhea in adult rabbits
• Enterocolitis in foals and pigs
What is the disease forms associated
with B. cereus?
• Mastitis
• Abortion
• Conjunctivitis
What is the disease forms associated
with Actinomyces viscosus?
• Chronic pyogranulomatous lesions of skin
• Sero-sanguineous purulent fluid in the pleural
cavity
What is the disease forms associated
with Streprococcus equi subspecies
zooepidemicus?
• Metritis, abortion, navel ill/joint ill
What is the morphology of
Mycobacterium
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Slender rods
Gram +
Acid fast
Straight or slightly curved
Strictly aerobic
What are the disease forms
associated with clostridium difficile?
• Antibiotic-induced enterocolitis in man,
rabbits, hamsters, guinea pigs
• Spontaneous diarrhea in dogs, foals and pigs
What is the morphology of
staphylococcus?
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Gram + cocci
“bunches of grapes”
Coagulase +
Catalase +
Facultative anaerobe
Tolerates high NaCl
How is infection of Mycobacterium
paratuberculosis acquired?
• Ingestion of infected feed or water
What is the causative agent behind
“strangles”
• Streptococcus equi subspecies equi
What is thought to influence the
onset of signs associated with
Mycobacterium paratuberculosis?
• stress
What is the number 1 cause of
mastitis?
• Staph aureus
What is the disease forms associated
with S. equi subspecies equi?
• Nasal discharge, inflammation of mucosa of
nasopharynx
• Bastard strangles- widespread abscessation in
a variety of organs
• Purpura hemorrhagica- immune mediated
vasculitis, SQ edema, petechial hemorrhages
What are the disease forms
associated with clostridium
chauvoei?
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Aka. Blackleg, quarter evil, blackquarter
Blackening of the muscle and gas build up
High temp
Depressed and lame
What is the disease forms associated
with Mycobacterium
paratuberculosis?
• Chronic enteritis of ruminants
• Chronic wasting disease with intermittent diarrhea
• Edema and thickening of ileo-cecal valve
• Edema of mesenteric lnn.
What are the disease forms
associated with clostridium
botulinum in ruminants?
• Phosphorus deficiency leading to depraved
appetite where animals eat bones of dead
animals
• “forage poisoning”- preserved food contains
toxin from rotting bodies of dead rodents
What is the disease forms associated
with B. larvae?
• Foulbrood in bees
What is the disease forms associated
with Streptococcus porcinus?
• Abscessation of lnn. especially of head in pigs
What are the disease forms
associated with Clostridium
septicum?
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Aka. Malignant edema, braxy
Common, active post morten invader
Gains entry by soil contamination of wounds
Muscle dark brown to black
Little gas formation
What is the morphology of
streptococcus?
• Gram + cocci
• Pairs or chains
What is the pathology behind
Braxy?
• Clostridium septicum
• Caused by eating of frozen grass
• Damages wall of abomasum
What human disease is thought to be
associated with Mycobacterium
paratuberculosis?
• Crohn’s disease
What is the disease forms associated
with B. licheniformis?
• Abortion
What diseases are caused by the two
types of clostridium novyi
• Type A- “gas gangrene”, “big head” in rams
• Type B- “black disease” in sheep
What is the disease forms associated
with Clostridium tetani?
• “tetanus”
• Lock jaw in humans and animals
• Overstimulation of motor neurons which
causes a rigidity of extensors
What is the disease forms associated
with Streptococcus dysgalactiae
subspecies equisimilis?
• Misc pyogenic infections in many species of
animals
What are the disease forms
associated with “big head”
• Clostridium novyi Type A
• Edematous swelling of head and neck after
infection due to trauma to the SQ tissues of
the head
What types of injuries typically
cause tetanus?
wounds
horn disbudding
castration/emasculation
navel
What is the morphology of
clostridium?
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Large gram + rods
Spore forming
Anaerobic
Catalase neg
What are the disease forms
associated with “black disease”?
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Aka. Infectious necrotic hepatitis
Clostridium novyi Type B
Organisms lodge in liver following ingestion
Multiply in lesions formed by liver flukes
Increased necrosis of liver and sudden death
What are the disease forms
associated with clostridium
botulinum in equines?
• “forage poisoning”- preserved food contains
toxin from rotting bodies of dead rodents
• “shaker foal syndrome”- organisms multiply
in necrotic lesions in the gastro-intestinal tract
What is the disease forms associated
with Streptococcus canis?
• Neonatal septicemia and metritis
What are the disease forms
associated with clostridium
haemolyticum?
• Was called C. novyi Type D
• Aka. Bacillary hemoglobinuria
• Can produce toxin when multiplying in areas
of liver necrosis usually due to fluke
migration
• Hemoglobinuria, anemia, pale and raised
purple areas