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VI) Applications A) Ancestry and mtDNA mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a second type of DNA found in the human body. both mitochondria (mtDNA) and chloroplasts (cDNA) have their own DNA which is replicated, transcribed and translated independently of somatic and germ cells. support for endosymbiont theory of how eukaryotic cells gained a mitochondria and/or chloroplast A) Ancestry and mtDNA offspring get their mitochondria (and hence their mtDNA) through the cytoplasm in the oocyte. mtDNA comes from your mother. mtDNA has a very slow mutation rate. by comparing the number and places of mutations in the mtDNA of indigenous cultures from around the world you can see how human populations related to each other. this study is called the ‘Eve Hypothesis” B) Biotechnology Products medical bacteria transgenic bacteria are being created that can produce pharmaceutical drugs. (transgenic organism: an organism which has a foreign gene (a transgene) incorporated into its genome) this can decrease the use of animals in the production of drugs. B) Biotechnology Products bioremediation bacteria transgenic bacteria are being created that can clean up toxic waste, oil spills and act as air filters. at the University of Alberta scientists are using transgenic bacteria to produce polymers for plastic. these bacteria produce biodegradable plastic that break down relatively quickly in the landfill B) Biotechnology Products Transgenic Plants/Genetically Modified Organisms transgenic plants can be created to resist herbicides resist drought grow in salt water resist insects be more productive. not rot as fast B) Biotechnology Products Transgenic Animals/Clones Dolly the sheep was the first large scale mammal to be cloned. Create super cattle? Create animals to grow organs for humans? Create animals to produce pharmaceutical drugs? Create animals to produce resources goats engineered to produce spider silk in their milk. B) Biotechnology Products Risks Environmental producing super organism limits diversity. diversity is the key survival mechanisms of life on Earth (adaptation only comes about through diversity) Health no one knows the long term effects of transgenic foods and drugs because they simply have not been around long enough B) Biotechnology Products Risks Social and Economic who owns the DNA code? private business? government? copyrighting genetic code that could save lives? right to privacy of your own genetic code. creating super-babies. B) Biotechnology Products Genetics and Healthcare Prenatal Screening Amniocentesis a needle withdraws a small sample of amniotic fluid from the uterus. the cells of the fluid are grown and allowed to multiply. a karotype is prepared and genetic analysis is cared out. B) Biotechnology Products Genetics and Healthcare Prenatal Screening Chronic villi sampling around the ninth week of pregnancy cells from the chorion are removed. cells of the chorion are fetal cells. the chorion cells are screened for genetic markers that are characteristics of certain abnormalities. B) Biotechnology Products Genetics and Healthcare gene therapy the process of changing the function of a gene to treat or prevent a genetic disorder. DNA vectors (usually modified viruses) carry foreign DNA into a target cell of a patient and incorporated into their DNA ~ cystic fibrosis puffer.