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Ecology: Ecosystems Ecosystem Resources Energy: one way flow from sun to organisms and loss as heat (yellow, red arrows) Nutrients: move in cycles involving organisms and the environment (purple arrows) Consumers Gain Energy as Organic Molecules from Producers Herbivore Eats Producers Food Chains Carnivore Eats Primary Consumers Carnivore Eats Secondary Consumers 3 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 3 1 3 2 1 4 2 •Shows interconnected food chains •Trophic Levels 3 3 Food Web 1) producer 2) primary consumer 2 3) secondary consumer 3 4) tertiary consumer Energy Transfer and Loss Heat Secondary Consumer Primary Consumer Producer Heat Chemicals Heat Detritus Feeders Efficiency of Energy Transfer ~10% of calories to next trophic level Concentration of Contaminants at Higher Levels of Food Chains 0.005 ppm DDT 0.00003 ppm DDT 0.01 ppm DDT 10 ppm DDT Detritus Feeders and Decomposers Release Nutrients for Reuse detritus feeders and decomposers Animals and Protists that feed on plant and animal remains Fungi and Bacteria that break down decaying material Animal cells produce proteins and nucleic acids The Nitrogen Cycle Plants and animals die and begin to decay Ammonification Plants are eaten by animals Ammonium is converted to nucleic acids and proteins Soil bacteria release nitrogen from decaying matter Nitrification Assimilation Nitrate is taken up by plants and converted to ammonium Ammonia is converted to nitrites or nitrates Denitrification Nitrogen Fixation N2 gas becomes ammonia or ammonium Nitrate is broken down to produce N2 gas The Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen Nitrogen in in Atmosphere Atmosphere Reservoir Reservoir Producers Uptake Dentitrifying by bacteria plants Electrical storms produce nitrate Consumers Wastes, Dead bodies Nitrogen-fixing Soil bacteria and detritus feeders bacteria in legume roots Ammonia and soil & nitrate Reservoirs Processes/ Locations Trophic Levels/ Organisms Water vapor in atmosphere The Water Cycle Evaporation from landEvaporation & from transpiration ocean Alternates Precipitation from plants between Precipitation over ocean over land Evaporation and Precipitation Water in ocean Surface Reservoirs (reservoir) runoff Processes/ Groundwater Locations seepage Water Carrying Industrial Pollutants Can Become Acid Rain
