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Panther
Puma
Felis concolor
Cougar
Mountain Lion
Classification
The Six Kingdoms
Terminology
• Taxonomy
Species
• Genus
Morphology
• Taxon
Classification
• Phylogeny
Rank
• Binomial nomenclature
• Hierarchical classification
(Use the e-book chapter 1 to find information)
Classification
Identifying, Naming, and
Classifying Species
• To date, scientists have identified about 2 million species on Earth.
Although 2 million is a large number and new species are
discovered every day, it is thought that this is just a fraction of the
total number of species on Earth.
Source: Holt Modern Biology
Binomial Classification System.
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Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: (Division for plants) Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family: Hominidae
Genus: Homo
Species: sapiens
Examples of Binomial
Classification
Cheetah: Acinonyx jubatus
Tiger: Panthera tigris
Jaguar: Panthera onca
Lion: Panthera leo
Felis domesticus
Felis silvestris
House cat
African wild cat
European: Wild cat
Asiatic Wildcat: Felis silvestris
Felis libyca
Bobcat: Lynx rufus
Canadian Lynx: Lynx canadensis
1700’s Carolus Linneaus used a method of naming organisms using TWO
words. This is the Binomial system of Nomenclature still used today.
Robins
Erithacus rubecula
English Robin
Turdus migratorius, also called
North American Robin
Mnemonic
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King
Philip
Came
Over
For
Good
Soup
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Hierarchy.
• Like a ladder or nesting circles
• Goes from most general to more specific
• Each progressively smaller group is called
a TAXON (Pl Taxa.)
• Taxonomy: Taxis = arrangement, nomos =
law.
Mammalia
Cats
Chordates
Sharks & cats
Animals
Shark, cats, worms
Hierarchy of the Catholic
Church.
Pope
Cardinals
Bishops
Priests
Lay People
10. A The table below shows the classification of a praying mantis,
an insect that preys on smaller insects.
a. What is the scientific name for the praying mantis?
b. Which is the broadest category of classification for the praying
mantis?
c. What is the narrowest rank and taxon that the praying mantis and
the grey wolf have in common?
Do you think these two organisms are closely related? Why or why not?
Determining How Species Are
Related
Vocabulary
•Ancestor
•Anatomy
•Physiology
•Phylogenetic tree
Ancestor: an organism (or organisms)
from which other groups of organisms are
descended
Origins of the Giant Panda
An American anthropologist and his
colleagues in China report the first
discovery of a skull from the earliestknown ancestor of the giant panda
that lived in south China some two
million years ago.
A and D show the skull and upper teeth of
the newly found 'pygmy' giant panda, while
B and E belong to Ailuropoda baconi, a
later ancestor, and C and F to today's giant
panda
The Telegraph, 19 Jun 2007
Looking for relatedness
Fossils.
Fossil Evidence
Infer Which similarities might prompt you to think that the oviraptor
and the cassowary are more closely related than was commonly
thought?
Chimpanzee
Comparison of Embryo Anatomy
a) sea lamprey, b) a turtle, c) a chicken, d) a domestic cat, e) a human.
Homologous Structures
Physiology
Both used to be considered Rodents, The protein Insulin in guinea
pigs is so different from other rodents that suggestions have been
made that they have be reclassified into a taxon of their own.
DNA Evidence
Figure 1.11 DNA evidence suggests that the turkey vulture (A) is really
more closely related to the wading stork (B) than it is to the vultures of
Asia and Africa. Both turkey vultures and storks are the only birds known to
urinate on their legs, which they do to help keep their bodies cool during
hot weather as well as to kill bacteria and other pathogens that cling to
their legs.
Figure 1.12 This phylogenetic tree shows the evolutionary relationships
among various species of plant-eating hooved mammals.
Interpret To which other organism shown in the phylogenetic tree is
Cervus elaphus most closely related?
In summary
Relatedness can be determined by:
– Looking at the fossil record.
– Checking anatomical structures such as
embryonic development
– Homologous structures
– Physiology
– Genetics – DNA sequences
The Importance of Classification to
Technology, Society, and the
Environment
• When scientists are looking for sources of
pharmaceutical drugs, hormones, and
other important medical products, they can
narrow their search to species closely
related to organisms already known to
produce valuable proteins or chemicals.
Mad cow to Mad people?
• Understanding phylogeny can help
scientists trace the transmission of
disease and develop and test possible
treatments. Diseases can spread more
rapidly between species that share certain
genetic characteristics. For example,
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, (CJD) a
disease that affects the nervous system,
may be transmitted from cows to people.
Kingdoms and Domains
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Key Terms
Structural diversity
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Dichotomous key
Autotroph
Heterotroph
The Six Kingdoms
Until the 1800s, the highest category for classifying
organisms was the kingdom and there were only two:
Plants and Animals. In the 1800s, single-celled
organisms were added to the classification system
through the creation of the kingdom Protista, bringing the
total to three. In the first half of the 1900s, some singlecelled organisms were found to be extremely small and
without a cell nucleus, so a new kingdom, Bacteria, was
created for them, bringing the total to four. By the 1960s,
it was known that fungi were so different that they also
needed their own kingdom, bringing the total to five.
During the 1990s, with new genetic information, the
bacterial kingdom was divided in two, giving the current
six-kingdom system.
Aristotle’s system
Since 1969 most biologists have recognized 5 kingdoms. New findings
suggest that a portion of the Monera may belong in a new group.
Describe one other difference between the prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell
shown above.
The Three Domains
Dichotomous Keys
A dichotomous key is a system for narrowing
down the identification of a specimen, one step
at a time. The word key is used as a solution,
and a dichotomy is a two-pronged fork, where
there are two choices. So, a dichotomous
key is an identification solution that uses many
two-part choices to narrow down the solution. An
example of a two-part choice could be
something as simple as red and not red.
Each taxonomic category can contain a number of smaller categories. For example a
kingdom contains many phyla or divisions, a phylum or division contains a number of
classes, and so on. The smallest category, the species, is defined as a group of
organisms capable of interbreeding. The full name of a species is written in the form
Genus species. The full name is sometimes abbreviated by using the first letter of the
genus name, followed by a period and the species name, as shown above
Assignment
Find ONE Canadian species that is on the
“at Risk” list.
• You will need a Picture and then to
correctly classify this species from
Kingdom to species using the major
taxons discussed so far.
• Create a 81/2 X 11 poster showing this
correct classification.
• “For hundreds of years, all living things were classified
as either plants or animals. These two kingdoms,
Plantae and Animalia, worked just fine until organisms
like the species Euglena, shown below, were
discovered. If you were a taxonomist, how would you
classify such an organism.”
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http://marshallteachers.sandi.net/teacher_sites/mcquillan/04.Classification/Readings/SixKingdo
ms.html
• Organisms were classified according to
their common characteristics.
• The problem with Euglena is that it has
characteristics of both Plants and Animals
• This led to the creation of a third group
known as the PROTISTA
Another Problem…
• What about FUNGI?
• They aren’t plants,
they aren’t animals,
they aren’t protists
like Euglena
• Another Group --FUNGI
What about Bacteria?
• “Bacteria are extremely small singlecelled organisms. Bacteria are different
from all other living things in that they are
prokaryotes, organisms that do not have
nuclei.”
• Many biologists divide bacteria into two
kingdoms, Archaebacteria and
Eubacteria.
http://marshallteachers.sandi.net/teacher_sites/mcquillan/04.Classification/Readi
ngs/SixKingdoms.html
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/archaea/archaea.html
Archaebacteria are
found in extreme
conditions.
Archaebacteria
• Are considered the oldest and most primitive life
forms on this planet
• Are found in very extreme conditions from high
temperatures of deep sea vents to extreme cold
of the arctic ice
• Salt lovers, (halophiles) sulfur loving, methane
producing bacteria (methanophiles), living in
acid conditions (acidophiles)
• (Root words: Philia – to love, phobia – to hate)
Fountain Paint Pots Hot Springs
Octopus Spring
http://www.spaceref.com/redirect.html?id=0&url=www.bact.wisc.edu/bact303/b1
Sulfur Spring –Yellowstone Park
6 Kingdoms
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDivers_class.html
http://www.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/Labs/Classification_Lab/classification_lab.html
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDivers_class.html
Plants
http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/zoology/Animalclassification/Polygenetic/phylogenetictree/phy
logenetictree.htm