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I think I think… ITherefore think. Therefore I am. I might be. Stage 2 Philosophy Argument Analysis Types of propositions Metaphysical Opinion That picture was great. Analytical God exists. All is determined. All bachelors are unmarried men. Triangles… Empirical Everest is the highest mountain. Analysing arguments Clean steel Slate P1AStainless surfaces are pitted with microscopic scratches which can Preparing food on copper harbour bacteria. surfaces could prevent P2 At 4 degrees C the common bacterium thousands of potentially fatal E. Coli 0157 can survive for 35 days cases of poisoning each year. on stainless steel. steel surfaces P3The At 4 stainless degrees C the common bacterium often used incan thesurvive foodless industry E. Coli 0157 than 14 on copper. arehours pitted with microscopic UP4 Bacteriumwhich E. Coli can 0157 harbour is potentially scratches fatal. bacteria… bacteria… Research… has UP5 Food is usually on stainless shown that at 4prepared degrees C the steel surfaces. common bacterium E. Coli C Preparing food on copper surfaces 0157 can survive for 35 days on could prevent thousands of potentially stainless steel, but lasts less fatal cases of poisoning each year. than 14 hours on copper. P1 The stainless steel surfaces often used in the food industry are pitted with microscopic scratches which can harbour bacteria. P2 Research… has shown that at 4 degrees C the common bacterium E. Coli 0157 can survive for 35 days on stainless steel. P3 Research… has shown that at 4 degrees C the common bacterium E. Coli 0157 can survive less than 14 hours on copper. C Preparing food on copper surfaces could prevent thousands of potentially fatal cases of poisoning each year. How do we think? Inductive thinking Deductive thinking Inductive thinking Induction to a generalisation What conclusion can you draw from the phone calls? Induction to an explanation What explanation can you give for the phone calls? Inductive thinking Induction to a generalisation P1 - Last week I boiled some water and it boiled at 100c. Student have put rubbish in the bin really well P2 - Yesterday I boiled some more and it boiled at 100c too. all this week. I’m sure they will tomorrow as P3 - Today well.when I boiled some water, it boiled at 100c. C - I guess the same thing will happen every time I boil water. Last week I boiled some water and it boiled at 100c. Then yesterday I boiled some more and it boiled at 100c too. Even today when I boiled some water, it boiled at 100c. I guess the same thing will happen every time I boil water. Inductive thinking Induction to the best explanation Deductive thinking Fruit Syllogism P1P1 - Water at an 100c - I amboils eating apple. Apples P2P2 - I -am toare boilfruit. this jug of water. Allgoing apples X C - This water will boil at 100c C - I am eating fruit. P1 – The earth is a sphere. P2 – A Planet is a sphere. C - The earth is a planet Arguments Premises – True or False Conclusion Arguments Cogency – An argument is cogent if the premises lead to the conclusion. (Valid/Invalid) Arguments can be Sound or Not Sound Equivocation & Begging the Question Rationally Compelling Equivocation P1 John is tall. P2 Tall is an adjective. C John is an adjective. Victorian attitude BANNING breastfeeding in parliament – sounds a bit Victorian to me. Paul Harrington Blair Athol Arguments Premises – True of False Conclusion Arguments Cogency – An argument is cogent if the premises lead to the conclusion. (Valid/Invalid) Arguments can be Sound or Not Sound Equivocation & Begging the Question Rationally Compelling Reasoning in developing Scientific knowledge Theories or laws Observations Falsification Building scientific knowledge P1 When I drop this pen it falls. Scientific P2 When I drop this chair it falls. knowledge is P3 When I drop this book it falls. built P4 When I drop this paper it falls. inductively. C When I drop things, they fall. Testing scientific knowledge P1 When I drop things, they fall. P2 I am dropping this helium filled balloon. Scientific knowledge is tested deductively P1 Scientific law or theory P2 Specific instance C The balloon will fall. C Result of the law or theory