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Transcript
BASIC MICROBIOLOGY Definition • Microbiology is the science that studies living organisms that cannot be seen with the naked eye (microorganisms or microbes) • microorganisms are commonly known as germs Nature of Microorganisms • Pathogens: microorganisms that cause disease • most microorganisms are harmless • some microorganisms found in the body are beneficial to us • when a microorganism enters a part of the body other than where it is intended to be, it can be harmful • eg. E. coli from the colon (breaks down waste/makes vitamin K) can enter the urinary tract and cause an infection Factors that Influence Microbial Growth • 5 factors affect the growth of microorganisms: • temperature • pH (only a few live in acidic environments) • moisture • food • oxygen • these factors must be favorable if microorganisms are to live • different microorganisms require different conditions for survival • eg. aerobic microorganisms grow best with high levels of oxygen, while anaerobic microorganisms grow best in the absence of oxygen Methods that Destroy Microorganisms • 3 common methods destroy microorganisms: • Antiseptics (eg. alcohol and betadine) • used on the skin • slow or prevent the growth of pathogens • Disinfection (eg. bleach solution & zephirin) • not used on skin because irritation may result • Sterilization • autoclaves use steam under pressure to kill ALL microorganisms (first two methods are not effective against spores) • other methods include the use of chemicals, radiation, and gas Types of Microorganisms • 5 major types are: • Bacteria • Fungi • Protozoa (protists) • Parasites (rickettsiae) • Viruses Bacteria • most familiar of the microbes that infect humans • classified by their shape and arrangement Type Shape Arrangement Diplococci Round in pairs Staphylococci Round in groups or clusters Streptococci Round in chains Bacilli Rod-shaped in pairs, single, or in chains Spirilla Cork-screw or spiral single