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Chapter 11 Bacteria • • • • • • Brucella abortus G-, coccobacillus Brucellosis in cattle Reproductive organs Sterility and abortions In humans – mild symptoms Rickettsias • G- coccobaillus • Obligate intracellular parasites • Transmitted by insects such as ticks Obligate intracellular parasites • Rickettsia rickettsii • Rocky mountain spotted fever • Southeastern parts of this country, transmitted by ticks • Rash – palms and soles • Treated during the early stages of the disease • It can cause damage to the kidneys Caulobacter • Aquatic environments • Has a stalk • Attaches to algae and absorbs nutrients Stalk (stem) Rhizobium • Roots of plants beans and peas • Convert nitrogen gas to ammonium ions • Ammonium ions are used by the plants to make protein. • Beneficial to plants. Neisseria gonorrhoeae • Gonorrhea - STD • Gram negative diplococci • Uses fimbriae to attach itself to the mucus membrane. Painful urination, discharge of pus. • Pelvic inflammatory disease – sterility • Cephalosporin, doxycycilne. Neisseria gonorrhoeae • Ophthalmia neonatorum – eye infection of the newborn. • Lead to blindness, antibiotics are placed in the eyes as prophylaxis. • Neisseria meningitidis • Some people are asymptomatic carriers • Aerosol • Meningitis, throat infection Bordetella pertussis • • • • • Gram negative coccobacillus Whooping cough Grows on cilia lining the trachea DTP – vaccine – pertussis Heat killed bacteria Thiobacillus • • • • Chemoautotroph Gets energy from hydrogen sulfide Found in soil Gram-, rod shaped • • • • • Pseudomonas aeruginosa – G- rod Opportunist Water soluble pigment (blue-green) Burn and wound infections Gentamicin, polymyxin Escherichia coli • • • • • G- coccobacillus Normal flora of the intestinal tract Opportunist Strain O157:H7 – pathogen – cattle Bloody diarrhea Salmonella typhi • • • • • G- rod, typhoid fever Found in humans Carriers – gall bladder Fluoroquinilones, chloramphenicol Contaminated food or water Salmonella enteritidis • • • • • • Salmonellosis Poultry and cattle Undercooked, contaminated food Fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea Fluid and electrolyte therapy Cooking the meat thoroughly Shigella dysenteriae • • • • • • G- rod, shigellosis Humans Contaminated food Produces toxin Damage to the intestinal wall Fluoroquinilones Opportunists • • • • • • • Klebsiella pneumoniae – normal flora Proteus vulgaris Enterobacter Serratia marcescens – soil Endotoxin – lipid A Nosocomial infections Septic shock, pneumonia, urinary tract infections Yersinia pestis • • • • • G- rod, plague Fleas from rats Southwestern – squirrels, chipmunks Direct contact Proliferate in the blood stream Y. pestis • Buboes – swelling of lymph nodes. Bubonic plague • Mortality – 50 to 75% • Streptomycin and tetracycline – prophylaxis • Pneumonic plague – aerosol • Mortality rate 100% Vibrio cholerae • • • • • • • G-, bent rod, single flagellum Intestine, toxin Cholera Cells lining the intestine Stimulate them to release water and electrolytes Profuse and watery diarrhea Rice water stools – mucus, epithelia cells, bacteria Pasteurella multocida • • • • • G- rod, normal flora of dogs and cats Oral cavity Dog or cat bites Local infection, septicemia Tetracycline Hemophilus influenzae • G- rod, throat of carriers • Opportunist, aerosol, meningitis • Compromised immune system pneumonia Chromatium • G- rod, lakes and ponds • Photosynthesis • Hydrogen sulfide + CO2 sugar and sulfur • Water + CO2 sugar + O2 (plants and algae) • anoxygenic Bdellovibrio • • • • G- rod, bent rod, flagellum Soil Periplasmic space of E.coli Pathogenic to E.coli Desulfovibrio • Sediments of lakes and ponds • Anaerobic respiration • Sulfur – final electron acceptor Myxococcus • Gliding fruiting bacteria – G• Soil • Vegetative cells glide over surfaces – slime trail • Aggregate – fruiting body • Nutrient depletion • myxosopres Cyanobacteria • • • • • G-, carries on photosynthesis Aquatic environments Heterocysts – nitrogen to ammonium ions CO2 and water make sugar Oxygen is released Chlamydia • G- cocci • Obligate intracellular parasite • Elementary body – usually extracellular, dormant • Reticulate body – intracellular, active Chlamydia trachomatis • • • • Sexual contact Most common STD Urethritis doxycycline Chlamydia trachomatis • • • • • Common in the tropics, southwestern USA Direct contact, flies, towels Eye infection, scarring of cornea Blindness tetracycline Chlamydia trachomatis • • • • • Lymphogranuloma venereum - STD Tropics, Southeastern USA Grows in the lymphatic system Obstruction of lymph vessels Doxycycline Chlamydia psittaci • • • • • Birds – parrots, ducks, pigeons Bird droppings Opportunist Pneumonia tetracycline Spirochetes • Spiral shaped, axial filaments • Treponema pallidum – syphilis • STD, ulcer – site of inoculation – primary stage • Secondary stage – bloodstream, rash on the skin & mucous membrane T. pallidum • Latent stage – no symptoms • Tertiary syphilis – blindness, insanity, heart problems • Congenital syphilis – from the mother to the fetus • Stillbirths, mental retardation Borrelia burgdorferi • Lyme disease • Transmitted by ticks from mice • Rash at the bite site – bull’s eye rash, flulike symptoms • Paralysis, heart problems • Arthritis Leptospira interrogans • • • • • Leptospirosis – hooked ends Infected or carrier dogs – urine Contaminated soil, water Nonspecific symptoms Damage to the liver and kidneys Bacteroides • • • • Obligate anaerobe G- rod Normal flora – intestinal tract, oral cavity Opportunist – infects surgical wounds, puncture wounds Fusobacterium • G- rod, slender with pointed ends • Oral cavity Mycoplasma pneumoniae • • • • • • No cell wall Pleomorphic – irregular Different arrangements Aerosol Walking pneumonia – mild symptoms Not bedridden Clostridium • • • • • Gram + Obligate anaerobe Endospores Soil 3 pathogenic species Clostridium tetani - tetanus • • • • • • • • Infects deep puncture wounds Endospores become vegetative cells Neurotoxin – spastic paralysis Stiffness of the muscles Lockjaw DTP vaccine – tetanus toxoid Antitoxin – antibodies Tetanus immune globulins (TIG) Clostridium botulinum - botulism • • • • • Improperly canned food Neurotoxin Flaccid paralysis Double vision, drooping eyelids Toxin is heat labile Clostridium perfringens • Gas gangrene • Gangrene – death of a tissue due to the loss of blood supply • Ferments carbohydrates and releases gas • Toxins kill cells • Bullet wounds, frost bites • Amputation Bacillus anthracis - anthrax • Sheep, cattle – endospores are ingested from the soil – septicemia • People at risk – work with animals • Cutaneous anthrax – cuts and breaks in the skin. • Inhalation anthrax – wool sorter’s disease • Dangerous form of pneumonia • Tetracycline Lactobacillus • • • • • • G+ rod, aerotolerant Fermentation Does not use oxygen Produces lactic acid Normal flora – intestinal tract, oral cavity Used in yogurt production Listeria monocytogenes • Soil – contaminate dairy products such as cheese • Grows in the refrigerated temperatures. • Placenta – stillbirths and miscarriages. • Weak immune system – meningitis. Staphylococcus aureus • G+ cocci, clusters, normal flora • A strain – toxic shock syndrome – tampons – toxin – rash • Damage to the blood vessels • Nasal surgery – absorbent packing is used. S. aureus • • • • • A strain – food poisoning Custard, cream pie – toxin Food poisoning Heat stable Refrigerate the food product Streptococcus pyogenes • • • • G+ cocci, chains normal flora in the throat of some people Aerosol – pharyngitis – strep throat Scarlet fever – lysogenized strain, phage DNA is inserted in the chromosome of the bacteria • Erythrogenic toxin – pinkish red rash - skin • Tongue becomes red and enlarged – strawberry tongue. Corynebacterium diphtheriae • G+ pleomorphic – irregular morphology • Aerosol – tough grey membrane in the throat – fibrin, dead tissue, bacteria • Lysogenized strain – diphtheria toxin – kills eukaryotic cells • Damage to the heart and kidneys • DTP vaccine – toxoid • Treated with antitoxin Mycobacterium tuberculosis • • • • • Acid-fast, rod shaped Aerosol – dormant for years Lungs – spreads to other parts of the body Cough, weight loss - consumption Isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol Mycobacterium bovis • • • • • Bovine tuberculosis Contaminated milk Infects the bones Hunchbacked deformation of the spine BCG vaccine – avirulent strain of M. bovis Mycobacterium leprae • • • • • Leprosy, Hansen’s disease Face, fingers, toes Nodules, deformation Nasal secretions Armadillos Nocardia asteroides • Acid-fast, found in soil • Infects hands and feet Streptomyces • Soil • Most of the antibiotics • Geosmin – musty odor