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Copyright 2010. PEER.tamu.edu Why classify things? Say you go to the mall to get some new clothes. Where would you go? How do you know to go to that particular store? How is a mall organized? Food Court Big Department Stores Specialty Clothing Stores Jewelry Stores Electronics Stores Shoe Stores Toy Stores Kiosks Can you imagine if the mall was just one big store and you had to go through rows and rows of “stuff” to find the right clothes in the right brand and the right size for you? How long would that take? Big Idea: The mall, your city, your school and your closet (hopefully) are all organized so that you and other people can get things done without wasting extra time and effort. Scientists also organize or classify things so that they are easier to investigate and understand. Here are some things that scientists classify or organize: The elements The human body Interactions in Ecosystems Scientists also Classify Living Organisms How could you classify these living things? Quick, organize these living things into groups: Did you do it like this? Or this? Are there any other ways to group these living things? Classification of Living Things TaxonomyThe science of dividing and arranging things into a classification system. Early man probably classified many things. What do you think he classified???????????????????? Early Classification Systems for Living Things Plant Kingdom Grasses Herbs Trees Animal Kingdom Fish Creeping creatures Fowl Beasts Cattle Aristotle 400 BC Attempted a classification system for over 500 species of animals Categorized animals as air dwellers, land dwellers, and water dwellers Classified the dolphin as a land dweller Keen observer of nature Pliny 23 – 79 AD Scholar during the time of the Roman Empire Wrote 37 volume Natural History Unicorns, mermaids, flying horses Excellent attempt to classify all known information Middle Ages (AD 500 – 1400) Fantastic creatures rumored to exist Big Foot, Loch Ness Monster, Abominable Snowman Always inhabit far off regions “Dragon teeth” European explorers returned home with many new types of organisms Discovery of microscope led to discovery of microorganisms Galileo invented telescope Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1632 -1723 Had his own drapery business Leeuwenhoek’ s early microscope where he used lenses to examine cloth for quality. Improved upon the quality of these lenses until they were able to magnify up to about 300X. The tiny living creatures that he observed in many places – soil, water, souring milk – were called “animalcules” – little animals. Also saw these creatures on the plaque taken from his own teeth. The microscopic world was now being observed. Is two Kingdoms enough to classify everything? Carolus Linnaeus Founder of Modern Taxonomy 1737 – published system of taxonomy entitled Systema Naturae Instituted binomial nomenclature Arranged related genera into orders; orders into classes Binominal Nomenclature Two Word Naming System Genus, Species Genus ALWAYS capitalized first letter Species lower case Example: Homo sapien or Homo sapien The most basic classification system is based on Domains and Kingdoms. Organisms are classified into Domains or Kingdoms based on these characteristics: 1. Whether they are unicellular or multicellular. 2. Whether they are prokaryotic or eukaryotic. 3. Whether they have a cell wall or cell membrane. 4. Whether they have membrane bound organelles. 5. Whether they are autotrophic or heterotrophic. 6. Whether they reproduce sexually or asexually. 7. How they tolerate heat, salt or other extreme conditions. Old Classsification System Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species New Classification System Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species What information about an organism do taxonomists use when they classify? Structural Information skeletal structure or leaf anatomy Biochemical Information DNA, RNA, protiens Cytological Information prokaryotic/eukaryotic, chromosome number Embryological Information appearance of organisms in early stages of development Behavioral Information Some species of crickets can only be distinguished on the bases of their mating calls. Comparative Embryology of Vertebrates Horizontal Cladogram Vertical Cladogram Ancestor at Bottom Basic Classification Domains: Archaea There are three Domains of living organisms based on their characteristics: Archaea (also called Archaebacteria) Eubacteria Eukaryota Eubacteria (also called Bacteria) Eukaryota (also called Eukarya) Life’s diversity, which was originally divided into five kingdoms, has been expanded to six when Kingdom Monera was divided into two. http://lesliehorne.tripod.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/sixkingdoms01.gi New methods of comparison such as DNA sequences have led to an ongoing reevaluation of the number & kinds of kingdoms ranging from six to twelve. Most taxonomists now group kingdoms into a higher classification category called a domain. Basic Classification Kingdoms: The Domains can also be split into Kingdoms which further divide the organisms by their characteristics. Domain Archaea “Archaea” means “ancient” bacteria. Organisms in Archaea are: Unicellular Prokaryotic Autotrophic or Heterotrophic Reproduce asexually Aerial view of hot spring at Yellowstone Bacteria that have adapted to extreme environments. Some can survive in extremely hot environments like around hot springs and geysers. They are called thermophiles. Some can survive in extremely salty environments like The Great Salt Lake in Utah. They are called halophiles. The Domain Archaea has one Kingdom, also called Archaea This hot spring is flowing into the Firehole River in Yellowstone. The colors are caused by different varieties of archaebacteria and other microscopic life forms. Scientists can distinguish temperatures of water by the colors present. Domain Eubacteria “Eu” means “true” bacteria Unicellular Prokaryotic Autotrophic or Heterotrophic Reproduce Asexually Most abundant organisms on earth. One bacterium can give rise to 10 million in 24 hours. They are found in almost every habitat on earth. The Domain Eubacteria has one Kingdom, also called Eubacteria. Many are common infectious agents. This is a picture of bacteria on the skin. Bacteria can be shaped like a sphere (cocci) like this picture, like a rod, or like a spiral. The structure in the middle of this picture is a hair follicle with a hair growing out of it. Terminology: The Domains Archaea and Eubacteria are commonly grouped together in discussion and called prokaryotes because they lack membrane bound nuclei and membrane bound organelles. Nucleus and Organelles Domain Eukaryota (Eukarya) Eukaryotic Very Diverse Unicellular or Multicellular Autotrophic or Heterotrophic Reproduces Sexually or Asexually Can be split into 4 Kingdoms Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia The 4 Kingdoms in Eukaryota Protista Plantae Mostly Unicellular and Microscopic Autotrophic or Heterotrophic. Can be infectious agents Examples: Amoeba Algae Daphnia Plasmodium (causes malaria) Multicellular Green Plants Autotrophic through Photosynthesis Have a Cell Wall Examples: Mosses Ferns Trees Flowering Plants Fungi Animalia Multicellular Heterotrophic Decomposers Can be infectious agents Examples: Mushrooms Athlete’s foot Bread Mold Multicellular Animals No Cell Wall Heterotrophic Examples: Insects Spiders Crabs Humans Birds D O M A I N S K I N G D O M S Think Break: Where do Viruses fit in this classification system? Example: AIDS, Common Cold, Flu, Herpes, and Small Pox How would you classify these? A organism that can exist in extremely hot temperatures. It is made of only one cell with no nucleus. Domain: Archaea Kingdom: Archaea A green organism growing from the ground. It is multicellular and undergoes photosynthesis. It’s cells have nuclei and cell walls. Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Plantae Try two more: This organism is microscopic and one-celled. It lives in colonies where millions of others like it are present. It does not have a nucleus. It cannot survive in extreme conditions. Could be an infectious agent. Domain: Eubacteria Kingdom: Eubacteria This organism is multicellular. It is a decomposer. Its cells have nuclei. Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Fungi Classification Systems Can Change! Can you guess why? Classification systems change as new organisms are discovered and as more information is gained about living organisms. Science is a “work in progress” and things change as new evidence is found. Even though classification is not an exact science, it is a part of almost every aspect of our lives. Which one would you choose? Why? Classification of Bacteria •Kingdom Monera has been replaced with two kingdoms. •Kingdom Archaebacteria – primitive bacteria that live in the harsh environments that resemble the conditions of the early earth when life was first evolving. •Kingdom Eubacteria – larger kingdom -- includes heterotrophic & autotrophic organisms; some of the autotrophs are photosynthetic; others are chemosynthetic. Harmful & beneficial forms. •Separated because of biochemical differences.