Download Classification - Mrs. GM Biology 200

Unit 11: Classification
Ch. 3 Classification
Taxonomy = branch of biology that deals w/
naming & classifying organisms.
Why Things Are Classified?
• What does it mean to classify?
–to group things based on similarities
• Examples of classifying in everyday life…
• Why are organisms classified?
–easier to find
–show shared traits
–show relationships among living &
extinct species
Why Things Are Classified?
• How are organisms classified?
– very broad characteristics  very specific
• based on evolutionary relationships
– A group of organisms is called a taxon.
• Tools used to classify organisms…
– dichotomous keys
Early Classification
• 1st classification system
–Aristotle
• 2 groups
–1. plants
» by type of stem
–2. animals
» by environment
According to Aristotle, which
of these 3 animals would be
classified more closely?
Beginning of Modern Classification
• Carolus Linnaeus “Father of Modern
Taxonomy”
–2 main groups = kingdoms
• plants
• animals
–Also used:
• genus
–similar species
• species
–organisms w/ similar traits
Beginning of Modern Classification
• Linnaeus 1st to consistently use
binomial nomenclature
– 2 name system
•
written: Genus species or Genus species
–
–
•
Genus = 1st name, capitalized
species = 2nd name, lower case &
descriptive
Ex. Common name
–
–
–
–
Humans
White Oak tree
Red Oak tree
Bottlenose dolphin
Genus & species
Homo sapiens
Quercus alba
Quercus rubra
Tursiops truncatus
Beginning of Modern Classification
• Why don’t we use
common names?
1. two organisms
can have same
common name,
but not sci. name
2. scientific names
rarely change
3. scientific names
are written in
same language
around the world
How Scientists Classify Today
• current system reflects relationships
– based on evolutionary ancestry
– can change in response to new data
• According to the phylogenetic tree on the right
who are humans most closely related to?
How Scientists Classify Today
• slightly different classification systems
– 5 Kingdom system
• Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
– 6 Kingdom system
• Monera split into Archaea (Archaebacteria) & (Eu)bacteria…
other 4 kindgoms remain same
– 3 Domain system
• Archaea, (Eu)bacteria, Eukaryota (Eukarya)
– 4 kingdoms (Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia) grouped in Eukaryota
Where would Domain belong
in this diagram?
How Scientists Classify Today
• When using the 5 or 6
Kingdom system
– Kingdom
• largest, most inclusive
– species
• smallest, least inclusive
How Scientists Classify Today
• When using the 3
Domain system
– domain
• largest, most inclusive
– species
• smallest, least inclusive
Domain
Domain
Eukaryota
How Scientists Classify Today
• What is a
species?
– Group of
organisms
capable of
mating with
one another
in nature to
produce
fertile
offspring
How Scientists Classify Today
• A trick to help you remember all the major
classification groups…
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Did
King
Phillip
Come
Over
For
Good
Spaghetti?
 Domain
 Kingdom
 Phylum
 Class
 Order
 Family
 Genus
 species
This is really
GOOD!!! I’m
so glad I
came!
King
Phillip
How Scientists Classify Today
• What is the
relationship
among the levels?
– more closely
related  share
more levels
– from Domain
down, each level
has a new set of
criteria that must
be shared
DOMAIN
Eukaryota
Once an organism shares a more specific taxon
(lower group) it MUST share the more unifying
taxa (higher groups)
How many levels of
classification do we
share with dolphins?
Domain: Archaea
• prokaryotic
• unicelluar
• feeding
Kingdom: Monera
– heterotrophic or autotrophic
• other characteristics
– older, less complex bacteria
– live in extreme environments
• examples
– bacteria:
• in salt lakes
• at hydrothermal vents
Domain: Eubacteria
• prokaryotic
• unicelluar
• feeding
Kingdom: Monera
– heterotrophic or autotrophic
• other characteristics
Staphylococcus
– modern, more complex bacteria
• evolved from Archaea
– most common & very diverse
– free-living or pathogenic
• examples
– Staphylococcus
– E. coli
– cyanobacteria
cyanobacteria
Domain: Eukaryota
• All are eukaryotic
• 4 of the 5 kingdoms
– 1. Protista
– 2. Fungi
– 3. Plantae
– 4. Animalia
Domain: Eukaryota
1. Kingdom: Protista
Amoeba
• eukaryotic
• mostly unicelluar
• feeding
– heterotrophic or autotrophic
• other characteristics
– can be plant-like, animallike, or fungus-like
Paramecium
• examples
–
–
–
–
Amoeba
Paramecium
Euglena
algae
Euglena
Domain: Eukaryota
2. Kingdom: Fungi
• eukaryotic
• multicelluar***
• feeding
– heterotrophic
• digest food outside & absorb nutrients
• other characteristics
– cell walls made of chitin
– decomposers & parasites
• examples
– mushrooms
– molds
– yeast (*** unicellular)
• eukaryotic
• multicelluar
• feeding
Domain: Eukaryota
3. Kingdom: Plantae
– autotrophic
• photosynthesis
• other characteristics
– cell walls made of cellulose
– produce oxygen
• examples
–
–
–
–
–
mosses
ferns
grasses
shrubs
trees
Domain: Eukaryota
4. Kingdom: Animalia
• eukaryotic
• multicelluar
• feeding
– heterotrophic
• other characteristics
– no cell wall
• examples
– invertebrates
•
•
•
•
insects
worms
sponges
corals
– vertebrates
•
•
•
•
•
fish
birds
amphibians
reptiles
mammals
Links
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•
•
•
http://www.brainpop.com/science/diversityoflife/classification/preview.weml
http://anthro.palomar.edu/animal/default.htm
http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~bioslabs/studies/invertebrates/kingdoms.html
http://www.nclark.net/Classification