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Taxonomy
Grouping Organisms
What is Taxonomy?
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Taxonomy is the branch of biology that groups and
names organisms based on studies of their different
characteristics.
A group of organisms is called a taxon (plural, taxa).
The tool biologists use to accomplish this is
classification.
Taxonomy can change
Biological Classification Systems
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Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)
Classified all organisms into two groups:
plants and animals.
Using physical differences he further
classified them into smaller groups.
Why is standardization important?
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Makes it easier to identify.
Makes it easier to understand biological
diversity.
Worldwide recognition.
Useful for scientists working in agriculture,
forestry, and medicine.
Beneficial for the economy.
Breaking It Down
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Taxonomic ranking ranges from very broad
characteristics to very specific ones.
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Taxa from largest to smallest:
Domain,AND THEN:
*Order
* Kingdom,
*Family
*Phylum (similar classes), *Genus
*Class (similar orders),
*Species
(Remember: King Phillip Came Over for Good Soup)
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From Domain to Species
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Domain – Eukarya (broadest category).
Kingdom – Animalia
Phylum – Chordata (spinal cord).
Class – Mammalia (mammal).
Order – Carnivora
Family – Felidae
Genus – Lynx
Species – Lynx rufus (Bobcat),
Lynx canadensis (Lynx).
Six Biological Kingdoms
Kingdoms
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The six kingdoms are determined by similarities such
as: structure, behavior, DNA, location
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From the most simplistic organisms to the most
complex, the six kingdoms are:
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Eubacteria (prokaryotes),
Archaebacteria (prokaryotes),
Protists (eukaryote),
Fungi,
Plants,
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Animals.
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Phylogeny
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Phylogenic classification uses evolutionary history to
classify organisms.
Species that share a common ancestor also share
an evolutionary history.
Reveals evolutionary relationships.
Cladistics is a biological classification system that is
based on phylogeny.
A cladogram is a model showing evolutionary
history.
Cladogram
Dichotomous Key
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A tool that helps to classify organisms by
narrowing down choices eventually leading
to the correct answer.
Six Divisions of Life
Viruses
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Non-living
Parasitic
Simple structure – Protein coat, capsid,
genetic material, & tails.
Replication Cycles: Lytic & Lysogenic Cycle
Viruses that affect humans – HIV (destroys
T- cell helpers), Herpes, Flu,Chicken Pox, &
Shingles.
Eubacteria & Archaebacteria
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Prokaryotes
Biochemical differences
Structural differences
Arose from a common ancestor several billion
years ago.
Similarities & Differences
Archaebacteria
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Anaerobic
Extremists
3 Types:
Live in marshes, lake
sediments, & digestive tract of
mammals – produce methane.
Live in extremely
salty water like the Great Salt
Lake in Utah.
Hot, acidic water of sulfur
springs & hydrothermal vents.
Only asexual reproduction.
Eubacteria
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Heterotrophs
Live almost everywhere
Autotrophs – Chemosynthetic
& Photosynthetic
(Cyanobacteria).
Asexual reproduction – binary
fission.
Sexual reproduction –
conjugation.
Adaptations
Bacteria
Beneficial
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Help to fertilize fields –
nitrogen fixation.
Recycle nutrients on Earth decomposers .
Produce foods – cheese &
yogurt.
Aids in digestion – providing
vitamins & enzymes.
Produce antibiotics that
destroy other types of bacteria.
Harmful
Bacteria cause disease in
plants & animals.
 Can enter through openings in
the skin, mouth, or nose.
 Can be carried in food, water,
or air.
 Can interfere with normal
bodily functions.
 Releases toxins that attack the
host.
Turn to page 498. Superbugs
Defy Drugs.
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Protists
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The most diverse organisms of all kingdoms.
Unicellular or multicellular.
Are all Eukaryotes
Heterotrophic or autotrophic
Reproduce sexually, asexually, or through spores
depending on the type.
Cause diseases – malaria & sleeping sickness.
Heterotrophic Protists
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Animal-like (heterotrophic) protists are called protozoans.
Grouped according to the way they move or grouped together
because they are parasites.
Four main groups: Amoebas, Flagellates, Ciliates, &
Sporazoans.
Amoebas – live in water, some are an important part of marine
plankton.
Flagellates – Parasites that cause disease (sleeping sickness).
Beneficial to termites.
Ciliates – paramecium, reproduces by conjugation.
Sporazoans – Produce by spores, all are parasites, inernal
parasite, lives off of host in areas that has a nearby food
supply. Ex –malaria.
Autotrophic Protists
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Plantlike (autotrophs) Ex. – algae. Diatoms –
phytoplankton. Lack roots, stems, or leaves.
Autotrophs produce much of the oxygen in Earth’s
atmosphere.
Some are similar to fungi (slime molds, water molds,
& downy mildews). Decompose a significant amount
of organic material.
Algae are classified into six phyla: euglenoids,
diatoms, & dinoflagellates are single cellular. Red,
brown, & green are multicellular.
Fungi
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Grow best in moist, warm environments.
Most are multicellular.
Basic structural unit is hyphae.
Cell walls made of chitin.
Some cause diseases & are poisonous.
Are decomposers.
Heterotrophs – Extracellular digestion.
Reproduce asexually by fragmentation, budding, or
producing spores; sexually when haploid hyphae
from compatible mycelia grow together.
Plants
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Multicellular eukaryote.
Thick cell walls made of cellulose.
Autotrophs
Photosynthesis - Needs water, sunlight, & carbon
dioxide.
Has stems, leaves, & roots.
Sexual reproduction through seeds or spores.
Vascular (most plants. Grasses, & trees) &
nonvascular hornworts & liverworts).
Animals
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Eukaryotic, multicellular organisms.
Cells have cell membranes, instead of cell walls.
Heterotrophic
Sexual reproduction
Specialized cells that form tissues & organs.
Specialized cells that enable them to sense & seek
out food & mates, & allow them to identify & protect
themselves from predators.
Symmetry