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Review Questions Chapters 4, 13, 14 Chapter 4 Describe the work of Robert Koch in culturing bacteria Define a pure culture. Explain how to obtain a pure culture. List and explain the requirements for obtaining a pure culture. List and explain the methods of maintaining a pure culture for a long period of time Explain binary fission Define microbial growth Define generation time. Give examples of generation time of some common organisms List the four environmental factors. Define extremophiles List and explain the five categories of optimum temperature Cont. Chapter 4 Describe the role of prokaryotes in food preservation and disease. Give examples of these bacteria List and explain the five categories of oxygen requirements. Give examples of bacteria for each category. Explain the difference between bacteria that produce superoxide and hydrogen peroxide List and explain the three categories of optimum pH. Give examples of bacteria for each category Define and explain plasmolysis, osmotolerant and halophiles. Give example of bacteria List the 10 major nutritional elements and the 4 essential components bacteria need List the 5 trace nutritional elements bacteria need Cont. Chapter 4 List and describe the two groups of prokaryotes based on their use of carbon. What are growth factors? Give examples Define fastidious elements and give examples. How do microorganisms derive energy? Give example List and explain the 4 categories of microorganisms based on their nutritional properties List and explain the 4 general category of culture media. Explain the importance of a buffer in a culture media. Contrast selective and differential media List the characteristics and properties of blood agar, chocolate agar, glucose-salt, MacConkey agar, nutrient agar, and Thayer-Martin agar. Cont. Chapter 4 Contrast alpha hemolysis and beta hemolysis on blood agar Contrast lactose fermenting and non lactose fermenting bacteria Give 3 example of how to provide appropriate atmospheric condition to microorganisms? Define enrichment culture Describe the 4 methods used to measure bacterial growth Explain the 2 methods of direct cell count. List and explain the methods for viable cell count List and explain the methods for measuring biomass List and explain the 3 methods used for measuring cell products Explain the growth curve Chapter 13 Describe the work of DM Iwanosky and Martinus Beijerink. Describe the work of FW Twort and F. d’Herelle Define bacteriophage Define host Define virion List and explain the 3 common shapes of viruses Describe the architecture of the tobacco mosaic virus Explain the function of each structure of the T4 bacteriophage Compare the size of a human red cell, T4 bacteriophage, a bacteria, adenovirus and tobacco mosaic virus. What is the viral genome? Compare vruses and cells cont. Chapter 13 Define productive infection, extrusion, temperate virus, latent state Define lysogen, lysogenic state, lysogenic conversion Explain the cycle of the lytic phage replication by double stranded DNA phages. Give example of phages that use this cycle and their shape Explain the cycle of the lytic phage by single stranded RNA phages. Give example of phages that use this cycle and their shape. Explain the cycle of the latent state by phage lamda.What is the genome structure and the shape of the virion. Explain the extrusion following phage replication by filamentous phage. Give examples of the bacteriophage that use this cycle and their shape. cont. Chapter 13 Explain the cycle of the lytic infection by single stranded DNA phages. Give example of the bacteriophages and their shapes. There are two types of transduction. Explain the both transduction processes. Chapter 14 Describe the structure of animal viruses List the criteria used to classify animal viruses List and explain the classification of RNA viruses infecting animals List and explain the classification of DNA viruses infecting animals List the 4 groups bacteria can be classified based on the routes of transmission Explain how virus can be cultivated List and Explain the 4 quantitation methods Explain acute infection. Give examples. Explain the cycle of a viral acute infection List and Explain the 4 types of persistent infection and give examples. cont. Chapter 14 Explain how viruses can cause tumors and transform cells Define oncogenes Explain how retroviruses can transform animal cells Explain how viruses affect plants Define plasmodesmata Explain how viruses can be transmitted via parasitic vine (dodder) Explain how insects transmit plant viruses Define prion. Give examples of diseases caused by prions. List the characteristics of a viriod.
