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Biological Classification Why Classify? • So we can know: • How many species are there? • What are the characteristics of these species? • What are the relationships between the species? Biological Classification • Biological classification: the arrangement of organisms into groups based on shared characterisitics • Organisms are grouped according to similar characteristics and relationships to one another Levels of Classification • 8 Taxa (plural)—Taxon: A category of organisms • Hierarchical system Levels of Classification 1. Domains: three broad groups (Archae domain, Bacteria domain, Eukarya domain) • Created by C.R. Woese in 1990 • Based on molecular biology Levels of Classification 2. Kingdom- Taxon of similar phylums 3. Phylum- Taxon of similar classes 4. Class- Taxon of similar orders Levels (cont.) 5. Order- Taxon of similar families 6. Family- Taxon of similar genera 7. Genus- Taxon of similar species 8. Species (smallest, most specific) Levels, cont. •King Phillip Came Over For Great Soup Taxonomy • The science of grouping and naming organisms based on their different characteristics History of Taxonomy • Aristotle (384 - 322 B.C.) Aristotle’s Classification Plant Trees Shrubs Animal Herbs Land Air Water Classification • Problems with Aristotle’s: • Frog- Half of life is in water (tadpole), half is on land • Didn’t know about bacteria or one celled organisms (no microscopes) Classification Carolus Linnaeus • Swedish physician and botanist • Lived in 1700’s • Classified according to shared characteristics Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution 1859 Evolutionary changes form a line of descent from a common ancestor A cladogram is a branching diagram that shows evolutionary relationships Naming Names • Binomial nomenclature: a two-part naming system developed by Linnaeus • Organisms are given two names: Genus (capitalized) and species (lowercase) Naming Names • The scientific name is always underlined or written in italics • Scientific names are always the same (Felis concolor): • Allows the scientific names to be used universally FYI: Naming Names • Common names are too confusing (puma, cougar, mountain lion) because they can be based on regions or languages Before Linnaeus: What is an apis pubescens thorace subgriseo abdomine fusco pedibus posticis glabris utrinque margine ciliatus? After Linnaeus: Apis mellifera Honey Producing Bee Enhydra lutris Arctos horribilis Bear awful Dichotomous Keys • Aid in identifying unknown organisms • Pairs of statements with two choices of characteristics • Only one choice will apply to the unknown organism • This will lead to another pair of characteristics.. And so on… Until the organism is identified Kingdoms • Most broad and largest level of classification Five Kingdoms vs. Six • Previously, there was a 5 kingdom system instead of our current 6 kingdom 5 Kingdom System 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia 6 Kingdom System 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia 5 vs. 6 Kingdoms 5 Kingdoms 6 Kingdoms Protista Monera Fungi Plantae Animalia Archaebacteria & Eubacteria Archaebacteria • • • • Cell type: Prokaryote Number of cells: Unicellular Nutrition: Autotroph Habitat: Extreme (usually oxygen free) • Other info: genetic makeup is similar to eukaryotes Eubacteria • Cell type: Prokaryote • Number of cells: Unicellular • Nutrition: Autotroph & Heterotroph • Habitat: Most environments • Other info: these contain helpful and harmful bacteria Protista • Cell type: Eukaryote • Number of cells: Unicellular & Multicellular • Nutrition: Autotroph & Heterotroph • Habitat: Moist environments • Other info: can be animal-like, plant- like, and fungi-like Fungi • Cell type: Eukaryote • Number of cells: Unicellular & Multicellular • Nutrition: Heterotroph • Habitat: Moist environments • Other info: they absorb nutrients from their environments Plantae • • • • • Cell type: Eukaryote Number of cells: Multicellular Nutrition: Autotroph Habitat: Most environments Other info: they don’t fossilize as often as organisms with harder structures (bones, etc.) Animalia • • • • • Cell type: Eukaryote Number of cells: Multicellular Nutrition: Heterotrophs Habitat: All environments Other info: have certain organ systems that plants do not have like the muscular, skeletal, and nervous system
