Download Carbohydrates - Fort Bend ISD

CH2OH
H
O
H
OH
H
H
OH
HO
H
OH
Carbohydrates
Sugars
Starches
AP Biology
2006-2007
Carbohydrates
 Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O

carbo - hydr - ate
CH2O
(CH22O)
O)xx
C66H12
O
(CH
12 66
Function:
Energy storage
 Cell recognition


Structural Support
 Monomer: sugars
 ex: sugars, starches, cellulose
AP Biology
sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar
Sugars
 Most names for sugars end in ose
 Classified by number of carbons
6C = hexose (glucose)
 5C = pentose (ribose)
 3C = triose (glyceraldehyde)

CH2OH
H
O
H
OH
6H
HO
H
AP Biology
OH
Glucose
H
CH2OH
OH
C
O
H
HO
H
5
OH
O
H
HO
H
Ribose
H
H
H
C
OH
C
3OH
H
Glyceraldehyde
Numbered carbons
C
C
O
C
C
C
AP Biology
C
energy stored in C-C bonds
CH2OH
Simple & complex sugars
 Monosaccharide

H
 Disaccharide
Two monosaccharides
 Glycosidic linkage
 Three important disaccharides
 Polysaccharide
Structural
 Storage

AP Biology
H
OH
H
H
OH
HO
Size of carbon skeleton

O
Glucose
H
OH
Building sugars
 Dehydration synthesis
monosaccharides
|
glucose
AP Biology
H2O
|
glucose
disaccharide
|
maltose
________________
Building sugars
 Dehydration synthesis
monosaccharides
|
glucose
AP Biology
H2O
|
fructose
disaccharide
|
sucrose
(table sugar)
Polysaccharides
 Polymers of sugars
costs little energy to build
 easily reversible = release energy

 Function:

Storage
 Starch
 Glycogen
 in liver & muscles

Structural
 Cellulose
 Chitin
AP Biology
Linear vs. branched polysaccharides
slow release
Few Branches
energy
storage
Many Branches
AP Biology
fast
release
What does
branching do?
Fig. 5-10
(a) The structure
of the chitin
monomer.
AP Biology
(b) Chitin forms the
exoskeleton of
arthropods.
(c) Chitin is used to make
a strong and flexible
surgical thread.
2006-2007
Digesting starch vs. cellulose
starch
easy to
digest
(b) Starch: 1–4 linkage of  glucose monomers
cellulose
hard to
digest
(c) Cellulose: 1–4 linkage of  glucose monomers
AP Biology
Cellulose
 Most abundant organic
compound on Earth
herbivores have evolved a mechanism to
digest cellulose
 most carnivores have not

 that’s why they
eat meat to get
their energy &
nutrients
 Must use simple sugars
AP Biology
Cow
can digest cellulose well;
no need to eat other sugars
Gorilla
can’t digest cellulose well;
must add another sugar
source, like fruit to diet
Regents Biology
Helpful bacteria
 How can herbivores digest cellulose so well?

BACTERIA live in their digestive systems & help digest
cellulose-rich (grass) meals
Caprophage
Regents Biology
Ruminants
EAT
Let’s build
X some
Carbohydrates!
Regents Biology
2006-2007