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Where does the Ecosystem get its ENERGY??? Sunlight is the MAIN energy source for a life on earth A few ecosystems do not get their energy from the sun… they get it from chemicals! Ocean Vents with no sunlight After the sun… Energy is obtained from FOOD Organisms either… 1. Make their own food from sunlight/chemicals AUTOTROPH PRODUCERS 2. Depend on other organisms for food HETEROTROPH CONSUMERS Autotrophs/ Producers Examples: Plants, Algae Autotrophs/Producers: begin all food chains and are essential for the flow of energy through the environment Autotrophs produce their own food through… Photosynthesis: provides a vital connection between the sun and the energy needs of all living things. 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 Autotrophs also produce their own food through… Chemosynthesis: is the process by which food (glucose) is made by bacteria using chemicals as the energy source, rather than sunlight. Chemical Energy Hot Spring Bacterial Mats Chemosynthesis Bacteria live in the mussel and make excess food, which the mussel uses for respiration. Types of Heterotrophs/ Consumers 1. HERBIVORES Obtain energy by eating only plants Also called Primary Consumers; they are the first to eat. 2. Carnivores Feed on other animals a. Scavenger – Feeds off prekilled animals b. Predator- Hunts and kills prey Carnivores cont. c. Parasite- Feed off of a living organism. (host) 3. Omnivore Eat both plant and animal 4. Decomposers Break down organic wastes and remains (dead organisms) by recycling nutrients back to soil and air for reuse Bacteria, Saphrophytic Fungus Energy Flow Energy flows through the environment in one direction, through a series of steps. Sun autotrophs heterotrophs decomposers Arrows show direction of energy movement Energy Flow Energy flow can be represented in three different ways 1. Food chains 2. Food webs 3. Energy/Ecological pyramids Food Chain Shows the transfer of energy though an ecosystem. Autotroph Heterotroph Heterotroph Heterotroph Producer Herbivore Carnivore Carnivore Plant 10 Consumer 20 Consumer 30 Consumer Grass Animal Animal Animal Grasshopper Moles Owl Food Web Where is the energy lost? 1000 cal/unit Shark Squid 0.1 cal./g Small fish 1 cal./g Zooplankton 10 cal./g Algae 100 cal./g ***food chain can only have 4 or 5 levels Only about 10% of the energy is able to move. The rest is used by the organism for life and lost as heat to the environment Where is the energy lost? energy lost daily living 10% growth only this energy moves on to the next level in the food chain 40% cellular respiration 50% waste (feces) Energy flows through… sun secondary consumers (carnivores) loss of energy loss of energy primary consumers (herbivores) loss of energy producers (plants) Energy Pyramid Shows the relative amount of energy available at each trophic level! Energy Pyramid Less Energy = Smaller # of Species! Biomass Pyramid represents the amount of potential food available in each trophic level. heterotroph heterotrophs autotrophs Notice that the amount of organic matter decreases as you move up Vegetarians or Meat-eaters? How many people can Earth support? – If we are meat eaters? – If we are vegetarian? more people can live on Earth fewer people can live on Earth