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Ecology 1 Ecology: study of interactions between organisms and between organisms and their environment Biosphere (ecosphere): All parts of planet in which life exists. 11 km below surface of ocean to 8 km above Earth’s surface Levels of organization: atoms molecules cells tissues organs organ systems organism Levels of Organization in Biosphere: Individual Organism Population Individuals of same species, in the same area Community Ecosystem Biome Different populations living in same area Communities & nonliving (abiotic factors) Ecosystems with same climate & similar communities Autotrophs – make food photosynthesis – use sunlight + CO2 + H2O -make food + O2 chemosynthesis – use chemical energy -to make food Heterotrophs – eat other organisms for food Herbivores – eat autotrophs Carnivores – eat heterotrophs Omnivores – eat both autotrophs & heterotrophs Detrivores &Decomposers – eat dead organisms and break down organic matter What is the difference between a detritivore and a decomposer? The same: get food from dead organic matter Different: detrivores actually eat the organic matter (like earthworms eating their way through the soil) decomposers secrete enzymes to digest the organic matter and then absorb the resulting molecules (like bacteria or fungi). detrivore=vulture decomposer=bacteria Energy Flow: One direction: from sun to autotrophs to heterotrophs Food Chain: Series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating or being eaten Food Web: Links all food chains in a community Trophic Level: Each step in food chain Decomposers/detritivores Top level carnivores (have no predators) Second level carnivores eat other carnivores First level carnivores that eat herbivores Herbivores that eat autotrophs Autotrophs make their own food Ecological Pyramid Compares relative amounts of energy , matter (biomass) or numbers of individuals in trophic levels of food chains/webs There are 3 types of Pyramids Energy Pyramid Only 10% of the energy available in a trophic level is passed to organisms in the next level Where does the other 90% go? -used to do work -lost as heat 170 1,700 17,000 170,000 Tertiary Consumers 0.01% 0.1% 1% Problem: if first level has 1,000,000 calories of energy available, how much will be available in the FOURTH level? 1000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 0.1% 1% 10% 100% Biomass Pyramid Compare amount of living organic matter (biomass) at each trophic level (amount of potential food available for each trophic level) Pyramid of Numbers Shows relative numbers Of individuals at each trophic level Pyramid of Numbers Corresponding BIOMASS PYRAMID!!