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FIBRULINE - FIBRULOSE NUTRITIONAL BENEFITS SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 1 Fructo-Oligosaccharides Non Digestible Oligosaccharide (NDO) Belonging to the ‘Fructan’ group Soluble Dietary Fibre Dosage AOAC Fructan methods (AOAC 997.08; AOAC 999.03) Reduced calorie content (1 - 1,5 Kcal/g) Subject to local regulation Suitable for diabetics SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 2 Health benefits Strong / Promising Evidence Dietary fibre Not digested Fermentation Improved intestinal functions Bifidus promotor - Prebiotic effect Improved Ca- absorption SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 3 Health benefits First Preliminary Evidence Modulation of lipid metabolism reduced blood lipids less ‘bad’ cholesterol Reduction of the risk of colon cancer SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 4 Fibruline, Fibrulose HEALTH CLAIMS SOLUBLE DIETARY FIBRE source of natural fibre - soluble fibre - contributes to the digestive comfort for your digestive health - natural intestinal transit BIFIDOGENIC - PREBIOTIC balance and well-being - balance of intestinal flora - bifidogenic fibres helps to fight harmful bacteria - helps to maintain a healthy intestinal system IMPROVED CALCIUM ABSORPTION better calcium uptake - optimal calcium assimilation SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 5 Fibruline, Fibrulose HEALTH CLAIMS SOLUBLE DIETARY FIBRE source of natural fibre - soluble fibre - contributes to the digestive comfort for your digestive health - natural intestinal transit BIFIDOGENIC - PREBIOTIC balance and well-being - balance of intestinal flora - bifidogenic fibres helps to fight harmful bacteria - helps to maintain a healthy intestinal system IMPROVED CALCIUM ABSORPTION better calcium uptake - optimal calcium assimilation SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 6 Dietary fibre No worldwide accepted definition Trowell (1976) Remnants of edible plant cells resistant to hydrolysis by human alimentary enzymes, including celluloses, hemicelluloses, oligosaccharides, pectins, gums, plus waxes and lignin SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 7 Dietary fibre Prosky (2000), as proposed to the AACC Edible parts of plants or analogous carbohydrates that are resistant to digestion and absorption in the human small intestine with complete or partial fermentation in the large intestine, including polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, lignin and associated plant substances. Dietary fibre promote beneficial physiological effects including laxation and/or blood glucose attenuation. SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 8 Dietary Fibre Insoluble fibre Soluble fibre insoluble in aqueous solutions designed to stimulate the human digestive system soluble in aqueous solutions designed to stimulate the human digestive system cellulose, some hemicelluloses, lignin, ... pectins, some hemicelluloses, fructo-oligosaccharides, -glucans, gums, ... SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 9 General effects of soluble dietary fibre Soluble fibre action Health effects MOUTH STOMACH Increase stomach filling Delay gastric emptying Give satiety effect SMALL INTESTINE Delay transit Sequestration of bile acids Delay absorption of nutrients Decrease glycemic response & insulin secretion (diabetes) Prevent coronary heart diseases LARGE BOWEL Produce SCFA by fermentation Decrease colonic pH Decrease putrefactive bacteria Prevent coronary heart disease Prevent colon cancer SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 10 Fibruline- Fibrulose : Dietary fibre Not digested Mouth No hydrolysis Negligible bacterial breakdown Stomach Negligible acid hydrolysis No absorption Small intestine No enzymatic hydrolysis No absorption Colon Fermentation Stools No excretion SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 11 Fibruline - Fibrulose : Fermentation 10% CO2, H2 , CH4 Excretion 50% Short chains Fatty acids Energy losses through inefficient metabolism and excretion Fermentation by colonic microflora ( Acetate, Propionate, Butyrate) 40% Bacterial biomass Useful energy (1,0 kcal/g) Excretion SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 12 Fermentation evidence In vitro: Short chain fatty acids (SCFA) formed upon incubation with human fecal microflora Animals: SCFA formed in the rat cecum Human: Absence in stools, bifidus stimulation, pH drop Increased breath hydrogen excretion 3 to 8 hours after intake of 9 g Fibruline Brighenti, F., Casiraghi, M.C., Canzi, E. and Ferrari, A. 1999, Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 53, 726-733 SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 13 Improvement of intestinal functions Fecal bulking partially hydrolyzed inulin: 1.3 g increase in stool weight /g (from 136 to 154 g daily stool) Gibson et al, 1995 (15 g/d, 15 days, 8 pers. 21-48 y.) inulin: 2.0 g increase in stool weight /g (from 92 to 123 g daily stool) Gibson et al, 1995 (15 g/d, 15 days, 4 pers. 21-48 y.) long chain inulin: 1.5 g increase in stool weight /g (from 91 to 113 g daily stool) den Hond et al, 2000 (15 g/d, 7 days, 6 pers. 20-49 y.) SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 14 Improvement of gastro-intestinal functions Relief of constipation 15 g/day inulin or partially hydrolyzed inulin increased stool frequency in healthy volunteers Gibson et al, 1995 (15 days, 8 pers. 21-48 y.) 20-40 g/day inulin reduced functional constipation in females suffering from constipation (increase in stool frequency from 1-2 to 8-9 / week) Kleessen et al, 1997 (19 days, 10 pers. 68-89 y.) 15 g/ day long chain inulin increased stool frequency (from 4.0 to 6.5 / week) in healthy volunteers with low stool frequency Den Hond et al, 2000 (2 weeks, 6 pers. 20-49 y.) SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 15 Improvement of gastro-intestinal functions Prevention or treatment of diarrhoea Not sufficient literature data Some types of diarrhoea may be caused by the reduction or disappearance of the bifidus population in favour of coliform bacteria or clostridia Chicory fructo-oligosaccharides selectively stimulate beneficial bacteria (like bifidobacteria) in the colon By improving the balance of intestinal microflora, it is suggested that stool conditions of diarrhoea can be normalized SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 16 Fibruline - Fibrulose SOLUBLE DIETARY FIBRE Recommended daily fibre intake 20 - 40 g/day of which 5 - 10 g soluble fibre Nutrition Claims (Codex alimentarius) Source of fibre 3 g/ 100 g OR 1.5 g per 100 kcal or per serving High in fibre, Rich in fibre, Excellent source of fibre 6 g/ 100 g OR 3 g per 100 kcal or per serving SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 17 Fibruline - Fibrulose SOLUBLE DIETARY FIBRE Health Claims improved intestinal functions better regularity relief of constipation contributes to digestive comfort SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 18 Fibruline - Fibrulose : acceptability Generally well accepted but too large daily consumption may cause digestive problems. It can be perceived as flatulence or cramps. The most severe symptom is diarrhea, but this is reported very rarely and only at extremely high doses Many scientific studies have been conducted on fructo-oligosaccharides and show that there is a small fraction of the population which is very sensitive (1 to 4%) For unadapted people the following max. daily doses are recommended. Single dose 10 g per day (*) Multiple doses 20 g per day (*) (*) - In case of regular intake these doses can be increased without symptom appearance - Molecules with higher DP are easier accepted than lower DP molecules due to lower osmotic pressure and slower fermentation - Sensitivity in solid foods is lower than in liquid foods SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 19 Fibruline, Fibrulose HEALTH CLAIMS SOLUBLE DIETARY FIBRE source of natural fibre - soluble fibre - contributes to the digestive comfort for your digestive health - natural intestinal transit BIFIDOGENIC - PREBIOTIC balance and well-being - balance of intestinal flora - bifidogenic fibres helps to fight harmful bacteria - helps to maintain a healthy intestinal system IMPROVED CALCIUM ABSORPTION better calcium uptake - optimal calcium assimilation SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 20 The pre- pro- and syn- biotic concepts Prebiotic “non digestible food ingredient that beneficially affects the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of bacteria already resident in the colon, and thus improves host health” Probiotics “a live microbial food supplement, that beneficially affects the host by improving its intestinal microbial balance” Synbiotics “a mixture of probiotics and prebiotics that benefically affects the host by improving the survival and implementation of live microbial dietary supplements in the gastrointestinal tract, by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activating the metabolism of one or a limited number of health promoting bacteria, and thus improving host welfare” SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 21 Fermentation in colon Rapid fermentation Slower fermentation Carbohydrate rich Protein rich pH acid (> 4.5) pH ± 7 transit 6-16 h transit 12-36 h SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 22 Bifidogenic / Prebiotic effect • vitamin B - production • cramps • diarrhoea • bad digestion Bad bacteria Neutral bacteria • restore normal intestinal flora after antibiotics Good bacteria • boost immunity, infections • blood cholesterol • more sensible to diseases • bad bacteria Fibruline and Fibrulose are a very good and selective substrate for the ‘good bacteria’, especially the Bifidobacteria !! This is what we call ‘bifidogenic effect ’ or ‘Bifidus promoter effect’ or ‘prebiotic effect’ SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 23 Fibruline - Fibrulose : Bifidus Promotor Reduce blood ammonia levels Lower blood cholesterol levels Act as a immunomodulators BIFIDOBACTERIA Inhibit the growth of potential pathogens Restore normal intestinal flora after antibiotics therapy Produce vitamins (B group) SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 24 Prebiotic effect - Major issues Among Non Digestible Oligosaccharides (NDO), most convincing evidence exists for fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) Impact of chain length Numerous studies on very short chain (synthetic) FOS Sufficient in vitro and in vivo studies on commercially available chicory FOS (inulin / oligofructose) each study on 1 particular commercial product very few studies on systematic comparison of different commercial products (different chain lengths) - see next slide Dosage First studies on rather high (irrealistic) dosages Confirmations must be made at lower dosages SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 25 Prebiotic effect Impact of chain length In vitro, it was observed that both inulin and partially hydrolyzed inulin were rapidly and completely metabolized by mixed human fecal bacteria. Inulin was fermented on average half as quickly as partially hydrolyzed inulin Wang and Gibson, 1993; Roberfroid et al, 1998 Both chicory inulin and partially hydrolyzed inulin, administered to human volunteers at 15 g/d, increased the number of bifidobacteria (at equal magnitude for both fructan products) and decreased the number of potential pathogens Gibson et al, 1995 (15 days, 8 pers. 21-48 y.) In the final report from the ENDO project on non-digestible oligosaccharides (1999) the authors concluded that inulin-type fructans, independent of chain length, all have significant prebiotic properties Van Loo et al, 1999SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 26 Bifidogenic effect Studies with chicory FOS from Cosucra In vitro trial with single bifidobacteria strains of human origin Fibrulose F97, Fibruline Instant and Fibruline LC can all be used as fermentation substrates by bifidobacteria The highest biomass, and acetate and lactate production, was obtained with Fibrulose F97 Speed of FOS consumption decreases with increasing DP Shorter chains are required for the use of longer ones At regulated pH (pH 6), Fibrulose F97 and Fibruline Instant are completely ( 90%) fermented Perrin et al, 2001 (submitted); Durieux et al, 2001 (accepted) SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 27 Bifidogenic effect In vitro data Fibrulose F97, Fibruline Instant and Fibruline LC are fermented by human single bifidobacteria strains Perrin et al (submitted); Durieux et al, 2001 % remaining 100 Longer chains are more slowly fermented 80 60 40 20 0 0 20 40 60 80 Dp3 to Dp5 () Dp6 to Dp8 () Dp9 to Dp11 () Dp12 to Dp14 () Dp15 to Dp17 () Dp18 to Dp20 () Dp21 to Dp23 () Dp27 to Dp29 () Dp33 to Dp35 () Dp39 to Dp41 (). 100 120 140 Time (h) BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SOLUTIONS SSN003E9 28 Bifidogenic / Prebiotic effect Studies with chicory FOS from Cosucra After consumption of 9g/day Fibruline incorporated in a breakfast cereal, significant increases in bifidobacteria were found in healthy volunteers Brighenti et al, 1999 (4 weeks, 11 pers. 22-24 y.) Fibruline significantly increased bifidobacteria in healthy subjects consuming a fat-reduced diet containing 22-34 g/day Fibruline as fat replacer Kruse et al, 1999 (9 weeks, 8 pers. 26-53 y.) SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 29 Bifidogenic / Prebiotic effect - CFU (Log 10) / g feces Long term effect of Fibruline 12 11.5 11 10.5 10 9.5 9 Total bacteria Bifidobacteria before 27 days Fibruline 62 days Fibruline 34 days follow-up Kruse et al, 1999 (22-34 g Fibruline / day, 9 weeks, 8 pers. 26-53 y.) SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 30 Bifidogenic / Prebiotic effect Other significant studies on chicory FOS 20-40 g inulin fed to constipated elderly persons significantly increased fecal bifidobacteria count, at the same time relieving their constipation Kleessen et al, 1997 (19 days, 10 pers. 68-89 y.) A selective increase in fecal bifidobacteria counts in healthy volunteers was found after administration of a diet supplemented with 5g/day partially hydrolyzed inulin Rao, 2001 (3 weeks, 8 pers. 24-48 y.) 8 g long chain inulin significantly increased bifidobacteria in healthy volunteers Tuohy et al, 2001 (2 weeks, 9 pers. 20-55 y.) SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 31 Clinical studies with infants Saavedra et al, JPGN 29, 95 (1999) (abstract) 124 healthy children 4-24 months attending day-care centres 3 month supplementation of cereal supplemented with partially hydrolysed inulin (1.1 g/day) significant lower frequency of regurgitation and discomfort no difference in incidence of loose stools or diarrhoea but less severe symptoms and day care absenteism less fever and antibiotic prescription SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 32 Clinical studies with infants Firmansyah et al, JPGN August 7, 2000 (Abstract) 24 infants 8 monts old, 10 weeks feeding period post-measles vaccination IgG levels were higher in supplemented (1 g chicory FOS / 25 g cereal) group Rigo et al, JPGN 32, N° 3, March 2001 (abstract) 14 healthy term infants 0-2 months rapid bifidogenic effect of 4 g/l of a mixture of galactooligosaccharides and long chain inulin Moro et al, JPGN 32, N° 3, March 2001 (abstract) 30 term infants, 28 days feeding period bifidogenic effect of 4 or 8 g/l of a mixture of galactooligosaccharides and long chain inulin SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 33 Safety for infants ‘Oligofructose, fructooligosaccharides, FOS can be used as ingredients of follow-on formulae intended for use in older infants (4-12 months) in a concentration of up to 8 g/l in the product ready for consumption’ (EC Scientific Committee on Food SCF/CS/NUT/IF/35, 27/09/2001) ‘The safe use of a mixture of inulin and galactooligosaccharides can be extended to infants, aged between 0 and 6 months’ (EC Scientific Committee on Food SCF/CS/NUT/IF/47, 14/12/2001) Benefits of Fibruline - Fibrulose Bifidus promoter, considered to have beneficial effects in infants, such as some protection against enteric infections (EC Scientific Committee on Food SCF/CS/NUT/IF/35, 27/09/2001) SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 34 Synbiotic effect Weaning piglets (Nemcova et al, 1999) L. paracasei Clostridium Enterobacteria L. paracasei + partially hydrolysed inulin Bifidobacteria, Lactobacilli Clostridium Enterobacteria Enterococcus SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 35 Synbiotic effect Ingestion of a Bifidobacterium sp fermented milk substantially increased the proportion of bifidobacteria in the colonic flora. Concurrent administration of 18 g/day Fibruline did not immediately enhance this effect Bouhnik et al, 1996 (12 days, 12 pers. 20-38 y.) 2 weeks after finishing the ingestion of the fermented milk (with or without inulin), bifidobacteria decreased in all subjects. However, subjects who ingested the fermented milk with Fibruline showed a higher fecal bifidus population than persons who ingested the fermented product without inulin Therefore, it was concluded that, in combination with bifidobacteria, inulin was able to sustain a higher bifidus populations for longer periods of time Rao, 1999 SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 36 Bifidogenic / Prebiotic effect Conclusion About 12 published human intervention studies show selective bifidogenic effect –for different types of FOS –at different daily doses (4-40 g/day) –after supplementation times of 1 - 9 weeks –in volunteers of all ages (0-90 y) Difference only in speed of fermentation A slower fermentation of longer chains can be advantageous because of fermentation in more distal colon lower gasSOLUTIONS formation (flatulence) BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 37 Fibruline - Fibrulose BIFIDOGENIC - PREBIOTIC Health claims (Enh Health claims (Enhanced function claims) helps to fight harmful bacteria bifidogenic - prebiotic balance and well-being helps to maintain a healthy intestinal system balance of intestinal flora no clear regulation today on Codex or EC level but scientific support for bifidogenic effect at daily dosage of 7 g/ day for Fibrulose F97 9 g/ day for Fibruline ST / Instant 8 g/ day for Fibruline LC SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 38 Fibruline, Fibrulose HEALTH CLAIMS SOLUBLE DIETARY FIBRE source of natural fibre - soluble fibre - contributes to the digestive comfort for your digestive health - natural intestinal transit BIFIDOGENIC - PREBIOTIC balance and well-being - balance of intestinal flora - bifidogenic fibres helps to fight harmful bacteria - helps to maintain a healthy intestinal system IMPROVED CALCIUM ABSORPTION better calcium uptake - optimal calcium assimilation SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 39 Fibruline - Fibrulose: Bio-availability of minerals Osteoporosis results in high incidence of bone fracture for women (30%) after menopause Consumption of Ca-enriched foods during adolescence (<30y) is known to maximize the bone mineral density But only 30-50% of dietary Ca is absorbed by the body and deposited in the bones Most dietary fibres impair the bio-availability of Ca-Mg-Fe due to phytic and uronic acids For inulin-type fructans an improvement of Ca absorption is reported at the level of the large intestine SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 40 Calcium homeostasis SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 41 Ca absorption Maximal ‘peak bone mass’ during adolescence can delay risk for osteoporosis Bone mass density Women after menopause loose ±10% bone mass per decade DANGER ZONE Bone of 30 y. old woman Bone of 60 y. old woman AGE (years) SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 42 Bio-availability of minerals Animal studies with chicory FOS from Cosucra Significant increase of cecal Ca and Mg absorption with 5 to 20% Fibruline in the diet Levrat et al,1991 (3 weeks, 12 rats) Rémésy et al, 1993 (3 weeks, 12 rats) Enhanced apparent mineral absorption (Ca: +20%, Mg: +50%, Fe: +23%, Cu: +45%) and slight increased Ca and Mg content in bones with 10% Fibruline in the diet. Moreover, Fibruline counteracts the negative effects from phytic acid (especially on Fe, Zn and Cu absorption) by stimulating bacterial hydrolysis of phytic acid and by improving cecal absorption of minerals Lopez et al, 2000 (3 weeks, 8 rats) SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 43 Lopez et al, 2000 Apparent absorption (%) 80 Calcium Magnesium Apparent Fe absorption (%) - Phytic acid + Phytic acid 60 50 60 40 % 40 % 30 20 20 10 0 Control Fibruline Control Fibruline 0 Apparent Zn absorption (% ) - Phytic acid Control Fibruline Apparent Cu absorption (% ) - Phytic acid + Phytic acid 30 Control Fibruline + Phytic acid 40 25 30 20 % 15 % 20 10 10 5 0 0 Control Fibruline Control Fibruline Control Fibruline Control Fibruline SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 44 Bio-availability of minerals Animal studies Inulin and partially hydrolysed inulin, to the same extent, Delzenne et al, 1995 (3 weeks, 10 rats) Apparent retention (%) significantly improve the absorption of Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn in rats 70 ** ** 60 50 * * ** control ** 40 10% partially hydrolysed inulin 10% inulin * 30 20 10 0 Ca Mg Fe Zn SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 45 Bio-availability of calcium Human study with chicory FOS from Cosucra Increasing consumption of up to 40 g/day Fibruline increases the apparent Ca - absorption with 58% in human volunteers Apparent Ca absorption (% ) (21,3% placebo - 33.7% inulin diet) Also the Ca balance was significantly increased (+ 91.8 mg/d) No negative effect on Mg and Fe absorption Coudray et al, 1997 33.7 50 40 30 % 20 10 0 (26 days, 9 adults 21.5 +/- 2.5 y.) 21.3 Control * Fibruline SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 46 Bio-availability of calcium Other significant human studies with chicory FOS Consumption of 15 g/day partially hydrolyzed inulin increases the fractional Ca - absorption with 26% (47,8% placebo - 60,1% oligofructose diet) van den Heuvel et al, 1999 (9 days, 11 young boys 14-16 y.) Ingestion of 8 g/day of a specific blend of chicory fructooligosaccharides increases Ca absorption with 20% (32% placebo - 38% FOS diet) Abrams et al (not publ.) (3 weeks, 29 adolescent girls 11-14 y.) SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 47 % increase in Ca absorption Summary of 3 human studies on chicory FOS and Ca absorption 80 (1) 60 40 R2 = 0.996 (3) 20 (2) 0 0 20 40 60 g chicory FOS / day • (1) Coudray et al, 1997 • (2) van den Heuvel et al, 1999 • (3) Griffin et al, 2002 SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 48 Positive effect of chicory FOS on calcium metabolism Proposed mechanisms Increased absorption occurs at the level of the large intestine, not at the level of the small intestine The decrease of the pH raises the solubility of calcium, facilitating passive absorption Hypertrophy (enlargement) of the intestinal wall leads to a greater exchange surface area SCFA may directly stimulate Ca absorption Stimulated synthesis of Ca-binding proteins, such as calbindin-D9k SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 49 Fibruline - Fibrulose IMPROVED CALCIUM ABSORPTION Health claims (Enhanced function claims) better calcium uptake optimal calcium assimilation SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 50 Fibruline - Fibrulose: Lipid metabolism Dietary carbohydrates can be transformed into fats in the human body by a process called de novo lipogenesis Raised blood cholesterol levels but also hypertriglyceridemia (too high blood lipids) are high risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease Hyper-triglyceridemia is a lipid abnormality often seen in non-insulin-dependent diabetics and obese people Despite consistent evidence for triglyceride-lowering action of inulin in animal models, evidence in humans is less clear cut SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 51 Modulation of lipid metabolism Animal studies with chicory FOS from Cosucra Fibruline displayed a slight hypocholesterolemic effect in rats fed a 5%, 10% or 20% inulin diet. Plasma triglycerides were suppressed only in rats fed the 20% inulin diet. Levrat et al, 1991 (3 weeks, 12 rats) A slight hypocholesterolemic effect (-11%) was found with a 10% Fibruline LC diet. Plasma and liver triglycerides were not significantly affected. Fecal bile acid excretion slightly increased. Furthermore, an enlargement of the cecum and a decreased pH were observed with the inulin diet. Also short-chain fatty acids increased with very high cecal propionic acid production. Levrat et al, 1994 (3 weeks, 10 rats) SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 52 Modulation of lipid metabolism Animal studies with chicory FOS from Cosucra Fecal excretion of sterols and biliary acids increased after feeding 5% and 10% Fibruline diet. The 10% inulin diet significantly reduced the serum total cholesterol levels (free cholesterol + cholesterol bound to LDL) Wilpart, 1991, internal report (6 weeks, 12 rats) IN CONCLUSION Cosucra animal studies, together with other (+/- 15) animal studies indicate significant cholesterol and/or triglycerides reductions in rats or hamsters fed diets supplemented with inulin, long chain inulin or partially hydrolyzed inulin SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 53 Modulation of lipid metabolism Human study with chicory FOS from Cosucra Plasma total cholesterol and triacylglycerols (TAG) Canzi et al, 1995; Brighenti et al, 1999 (4 weeks, 11 healthy pers. 22-25 y.) TAG (mmol/l) significantly decreased by 7.9 % and 21.2 % respectively after consumption of 9g/day Fibruline incorporated in a breakfast cereal. TAG levels remained Blood Triacylglycerols (TAG) significantly lower (mmol/l) after one month of 1 cessation of inulin 0.8 0.6 supplementation. 0.4 0.2 0 Basal Placebo Fibruline SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 54 Modulation of lipid metabolism human subjects with increased blood lipids Inulin supplementation (18 g/d) may have blunted the hyper-cholesterolemic effects of control foods in men and women with moderately elevated cholesterol. Small declines were observed for both LDL and total cholesterol. Serum triglycerides tended to decrease. Davidson et al, 1998; 1999 (6 weeks, 25 pers. 30-75 y.) In men with hyper-cholesterolemia, a daily intake of 20 g inulin reduced serum triglycerides by 40 mg/dl. Also a trend toward a reduction in serum cholesterol was observed Causey et al, 2000 (3 weeks, 12 pers. 27-49 y.) A significant reduction in plasma triglycerides (-19%) was found in healthy but slightly hyperlipidemic and hypercholesterolemic adults who received 10 g/day long chain inulin. Cholesterol levels were unchanged. Jackson et al, 1999 (8 weeks, 27 pers. 35-65 y.) SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 55 Modulation of lipid metabolism Proposed mechanisms Interference of propionate (SCFA formed upon fermentation) with hepatic cholesterol synthesis (suppression) and bile acid synthesis (stimulation) Increased fecal excretion of bile acids, resulting in a reduction of the body pool of cholesterol Reduction of liver and serum triglycerides by decreased de novo lipogenesis (synthesis of fatty acids and triacylglycerols) in the liver Increased clearance of triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins by stimulation of adipose-tissue lipoprotein lipase activity Stimulation of cholesterol 7-hydroxylase activity Modifications of serum glucose and hormones SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 56 Fibruline - Fibrulose: Reduction of the risk of colon cancer Together with family history, lifestyle and environment, diet is an important factor that may influence the risk of developing some cancers Colon cancer is one of the most important causes of cancer death in both men and women in western countries Including more high-fibre foods in the diet is one of the general diet guidelines for cancer prevention Preliminary animal data indicate that fructooligosaccharides have the potential to exert a protective effect towards colon cancer The combination of pre- and probiotics (synbiotics may be the most effective strategy to maximise anticarcinogenic effects (EU SYNCAN project) SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 57 Fibruline - Fibrulose: Reduction of the risk of colon cancer Aberrant crypt foci (ACF) are considered to be early precursor of colon tumours. They can be induced in rats by injection with strong carcinogens. When 10% long chain inulin or partially hydrolysed inulin was incorporated in the rat diet before carcinogen injection and throughout the rest of the experiment, total ACF decreased significantly by 35 and 25% resp. The stronger inhibition by long chain inulin is explained by slower fermentation, allowing it to reach the more distal colon. Reddy et al, 1997 (11 weeks, 12 rats) SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 58 Fibruline - Fibrulose: Reduction of the risk of colon cancer Synbiotic effect Upon administration of long chain inulin and Bifidobacterium longum to rats, 1 week after carcinogen injection, a clear synbiotic effect was observed on the number of aberrant crypt foci (ACF). Also 2 other factors associated with carcinogenesis - cecal -glucuronidase activity and ammonia concentration - decreased. Rowland et al, 1998 (12 weeks, 15 rats) Prebiotic (Long chain inulin) Probiotic (B. longum) Synbiotic (Long chain inulin + B. longum) -21% ACF -29% ACF -74% ACF SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 59 Nutrition Uptake of essential nutrients Optimal balance of nutrients Applications - Claims Traditional foods Foods for particular nutritional use Improve general state of health and wellbeing Nutrient content claim Comparative claims Nutrient function claims Enhanced function claim Functional foods Reduce the risk of diseases Supplements Prevent, treat or cure diseases X Medicinal claim SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 Reduction of disease risk claim 60 Nutrition Claims (Codex Alimentarius ‘97) Nutrient content claims Ex. High in fibre, source of calcium, low in fat Comparative claims Ex. Reduced…, Increased…, Less than…, More than… Nutrient function claims No reference to disease Ex. Ca might help development of strong bones Above claims • refer to known nutrients • are based on established knowledge SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 61 Health Claims (EU Code of practice ’99) Enhanced function claims No reference to disease, allowed in some countries Ex. Bifidus promotor, increased bioavailability of Ca (FOS) Reduction of disease risk - claims Refer to diseases, only allowed in USA for certain foods Ex. psyllium, oat -glucans may reduce the risk of heart disease Remark: Medical Claims = claims related to the cure, treatment or prevention of disease are not allowed in EU and USA Scientific dossier with evidence related to a specific product will have to be introduced to a scientific committee. SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 62 EU USA Enhanced function claim Structure / Function claim Health claim Reduction of disease risk claim Any statement, suggestion or implication in food labelling and advertising (including brand name and pictures) that a food is in some way beneficial to health, and lying in the spectrum between, but not including, nutrient claims and medicinal claims (UK) Health claim Any statement that expressly or by implication characterizes the relationship of any substance to a disease or health-related condition SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 63 Health Claims There are no bad foodstuffs, only unhealthy eating habits Research steps on health claims NUTRIENT Theoretical research (mechanism) Animal studies Clinical studies Descriptive epidemiology Prospective epidemiology (EPIC) FOOD SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 64 Examples Claim Type of claim Principle FOS Legislation Fibre enriched Nutrition claim OK OK in most countries (except USA) Bifidus promoter Enhanced function claim OK today precised in B, F Enhances Ca absorption Enhanced function claim OK not precised today not OK in EU !! / OK in USA no approval for FOS (only for psyllium, oat B-glucans) not OK in EU and USA !! / May reduce the risk Reduction of disease of heart disease risk - claim Prevents heart disease Medicinal claim SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 65 Fibruline - Fibrulose for healthy foods and beverages Dietary Fibre Improved intestinal functions Bifidus promotor or Prebiotic Balanced intestinal flora Improved calcium absorption Low calorie Sugar replacement Fat replacement SOLUTIONS BY NATURAL INGREDIENTS SSN003E9 66