Download Breast cancer

BREAST CANCER
Presented by:Nikita David
Manali Deshmukh
Mrunal Ambade
Mukesh Saroj
CRM Prist 4
2009-11
Contents
Introduction
Breast Anatomy
Breast cancer - types and causes
Statistics
Risk factors
Signs and Symptoms
Staging
Diagnosis
Treatment Options
Prevention
Cancer
Cancer is uncontrolled division of cells because of abnormal changes and
mutation leading to formation of tumors.
Types of tumor
I.
Benign
2. Malignant
Common types:
• Bladder Cancer
• Skin Cancer
• Melanoma
• Leukemia
• Breast Cancer
• Lung Cancer
• Colorectal Cancer
• Oral cancer
• Prostate Cancer
Introduction
It is the most common form of cancer
Second leading cause of death among
women after lung cancer
1 out of 10 women are diagnosed with breast
cancer every year
86% of women with breast cancer are alive 5
years after diagnosis
70% of breast cancer cases occur in women with no identifiable risk
factors
Incidence of male breast cancer is 1 in 100
Anatomy of Breast
A Ducts
B Lobules
C Dilated section of duct
to hold milk
D Nipple
E Fat
F Pectoralis major muscle
G Chest wall/rib cage
Breast cancer - types
Breast cancer may originate from either the glands or the ducts of the
breast
Ducts – ductal carcinoma
Glands – lobular carcinoma
Cancer that has not crossed the involved
lobule – in situ carcinoma
Cancer extends beyond its surrounding – infiltrating,
invasive cancer
More than one member of the family –
familial carcinoma
Cancer and its causes
Gender – women at a higher risk
Age – highest risk at 60-70 years
Race – white women at a higher risk
Personal history of cancer
Genetic causes
Hormonal causes
Environmental causes
Statistics
Cancer Incidence Rates* Among Women, US, 1975-2005
250
200
150
Breast cancer
100
Colorectal cancer
Lung and bronchus cancer
50
0
1975
1978
1981
1984
1987
1990
1993
1996
1999
2002
2005
Risk Factors
Family History
Personal History
Lifestyle
Additional risk factors
Women who start menstruation at a young
age (before 12 years)
If a woman has children at the age of 30 or
older or in women who do not have children
If a woman menopauses at 55 or older
If one takes Hormone Replacement Therapy
(HRT)
A higher risk is associated with women
having higher estrogen levels
Birth control pills
Obesity
Signs and Symptoms
Lump in the breast or underarm that persists after
menstrual cycle
Swelling in the armpit
Flattening or indentation
Pain or tenderness
Change in size, contour, texture and temperature
Itching, burning sensation or ulceration
Unusual discharge
Marble like area under the skin surface
Diagnosis
• Self examine - Examined by self
• Mammogram - specks of calcium
• Ultrasound
- Shows lump
• MRI
- detailed pictures
• Biopsy :
a.
b.
c.
d.
Fine-needle aspiration- Thin needle to remove cell or fluid from breast lump
Core Biopsy
- Wide needle to remove a sample of breast tissue
Skin Biopsy
- A small sample of skin of breast is taken
Surgical Biopsy :
- A part of the lump or abnormal area is taken
Incisional biopsy
Excisional biopsy
- Entire lump or abnormal area is taken
• Lab tests :
I.Hormone receptor tests - To detect of Estrogen & Progesterone
II.HER2/neu test
- To detect HER2/neu protein
Stages
• Stage 0
- Not invasive
• Stage I
- Early stage of invasive breast cancer
• Stage II
- Spread to lymph nodes under the arm (< 2 cm)
Ductal carcinoma
- Not spread to the lymph nodes under the arm (b/w 2 & 5 cm)
- Spread to the lymph nodes under the arm (b/w 2 & 5 cm)
- Spread to the lymph nodes the underarm (> 5 cm)
•Stage III
- Locally advanced
Stages
•Stage IIIA
- Spread to underarm lymph nodes
- Attached to each other or other structures (< 5 cm)
- Either alone or attached to each other or other structures (> 5 cm)
• Stage IIIB
- Any size, grow into chest wall or skin of breast
- Tumor may have spread to :
◊ Lymph nodes under the arm
◊ Underarm Lymph nodes attached to each
other or other structures
◊ Inflammatory breast caner
• Stage IIIC
- Spread to above or below the collarbone
• Stage IV
- Spread to other parts of the body
Cancer cells spreading outside the duct
Non invasive
Early stage breast cancer
Treatment Therapies for Breast Cancer
Systemic Therapy
Local Therapy
Chemotherapy hormone biological
therapy
therapy
Radiation
Surgery
External radiation
Breast-sparing
surgery
Mastectomy
Internal radiation
(implant radiation)
Surgery - It is the most common treatment for Breast Cancer
o
o
o
o
o
o
Breast-sparing surgery:
An operation to remove the cancer but not the breast
It is also called breast-conserving surgery, lumpectomy,
segmental mastectomy, and partial mastectomy
The underarm lymph nodes is removed – this procedure is called
an axillary lymph node dissection
Radiation treatment destroys cancer cells that may remain in the
breast
Mastectomy:
An operation to remove the breast is a mastectomy
removes the underarm lymph nodes
Studies have found equal survival rates for breast-sparing surgery
(with radiation therapy) and mastectomy for Stage I and Stage II
breast cancer
Radiation Therapy –
Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells. Some
women receive radiation therapy after a mastectomy. Radiation
destroys breast cancer cells that may remain in the area
External radiation: The radiation comes from a large machine outside
the body. Treatments are usually 5 days a week for several weeks
Internal radiation (implant radiation): Thin plastic tubes (implants) that
hold a radioactive substance are put directly in the breast. The
implants stay in place for several days. The implant is removed before
discharge
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Chemotherapy - Chemotherapy utilizes chemicals that interfere with
the cell division process - damaging proteins or DNA - so that cancer
cells will commit suicide
Hormone therapy - Hormone therapy keeps cancer cells from getting or
using the natural hormones they need. These hormones are estrogen
and progesterone
Biological therapy - Biological therapy helps the immune system fight
cancer. Women with breast cancer receive a biological therapy called
Herceptin. It is a monoclonal antibody
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Many more patients use CAM in addition to
conventional treatment, and many use CAM primarily
to treat symptoms or side effects or to maintain general
health and well-being
Patients are rationally concerned about the effect of any
such measures on their prospects for survival and
disease-free survival
Although CAM practitioners may distinguish healing
from curing, most patients with cancer want a cure
Many women say that CAM helps them feel better.
However, some types of CAM may change the way
standard treatment works
Prevention
Tamoxifen for high risk women
For consideration:
Early childbearing
Prolonged lactation
Weight reduction
Regular exercise, especially during
adolescence
LATEST NEWS
• Multivitamin pills lead to breast cancer
(Published on 8th April 2010, Times of India)
• Simple blood test can now help detect breast cancer
(Published on 5th April 2010, Times of India)
• Chemicals in food can trigger early puberty in girls increasing
risk of breast cancer
(Published on 8nd April 2010, Reuters)
•Younger women with mutation at high risk of breast cancer
(Published on April 6th 2010, Reuters)
References
http://www.webmd.com/breastcancer/guide/understanding-breast-cancer-symptoms
http://www.slideworld.org/slideshow.aspx/BreastCancer-ppt-3248
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/breastcan
cer/htm/_yes_50_no_0.htm
http://www.slideworld.org/slideshow.aspx/Risk-factorsfor-Breast-Cancer-ppt-3249
http://www.emedicinehealth.com/breast_cancer/page9
_em.htm
www.breastcancer.gov
NATIONAL BREAST CANCER MONTH IS OCTOBER