Download Cancer of B,L & Stomach

BREAST
CANCER
Breast cancer
 Breast cancer is one of the commonest
causes of death in many developed
countries in middle-aged women, and is
becoming frequent in developing countries
as well.
Screening for breast cancer
 There is evidence that screening for breast
cancer has a favourable effect on mortality
from breast cancer.
TECHNIQUES OF SCREENING
 The basic techniques for early detection of
breast cancer are :
 (a) breast self examination (BSE) by the
patient
 (b) palpation by a physician
 (c) thermography and
 (d) mammography.
RISK FACTORS
 The established risk factors of breast
cancer include the following:
 AGE
 FAMILY HISTORY
 PARITY
 AGE AT MENARCHE AND
MENOPAUSE
Risk Factors
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HORMONAL FACTORS
PRIOR BREAST BIOPSY
DIET
SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS
OTHERS
PREVENTION
 PRIMARY PREVENTION:
The aims of primary prevention are towards
elimination of risk factors.
 Promotion of cancer education.
SECONDARY PREVENTION
Breast screening leads to
 Early diagnosis of breast cancer,
 It will influence the treatment and, hopefully,
mortality.
LUNG
CANCER
Lung cancer
 Lung Cancer is directly associated with
smoking
 In countries where cigarette smoking has
only recently begun, lung cancer deaths still
remain low, it will rise with the passage of
time if the smoking has not been stoped.
Screening for Lung Cancer
 At present there are only two techniques
for screening of lung cancer,
 Chest radiograph
 Sputum cytology.
 Mass radiography has been suggested for
early diagnosis at six monthly intervals,
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL FEATURES
 AGE :
 About a third of all lung cancer deaths
occur below the age of 65.
 SEX:
 In many industrialized countries, the
incidence of lung cancer is at present
increasing more in females than in males
due to increased rate of smoking.
RISK FACTORS
 Smoking:
 Air pollution, radioactivity,
 Occupational exposure to asbestos,
arsenic and its compounds,
 Chromates, particles containing polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons and certain nickelbearing dusts.
PREVENTION
Primary prevention:
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Broadly these methods include:
a. Public information and education
b. Legislative and restrictive measures
c. Smoking cessation activities
d. National and international coordination.
SECONDARY PREVENTION
 This rests on
 Early detection of cases
 Active treatment.
STOMACH
CANCER
Stomach cancers
 Stomach cancer is the world's second
most common cancer, with over 1 million
new cases per year.
 Most gastric cancers are Aden
carcinomas. In contrast to the overall
decreasing trend, there has recently been
a rapid increase of cancers localized to the
cardia (the upper part of the stomach).
Causative Agents
 Infection with the bacterium Helicobacter
pylori contributes to the risk, probably by
interacting with the other factors.
Preventive Factors
 The constant decline of stomach cancer is
linked to
 Improved food preservation practices;
 Better nutrition more rich in vitamins from
fresh vegetables and fruits; and
 Less consumption of preserved, and
salted foods.
Symptoms
 These are nonspecific, which explains why
most of the cases are diagnosed when the
disease is at an advanced stage.
 Patients may complain of weight loss,
fatigue or gastric discomfort.
 Diagnosis is performed by barium X-rays
and with biopsy.
Treatment
 This cancer is treated by surgical removal
of the tumour, with or without adjuvant
chemotherapy
Prognosis
 Stomach cancer cases have a generally
poor survival prognosis, averaging no more
than 20% survival after five years.
 If the tumour is localized to the stomach,
60% of patients survive five years or more.
However, only 18% of all cases are
diagnosed at this early stage.