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Chapter Eleven Living with Cancer and Chronic Conditions © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Status of Cancer Today Annually, over 1.2 million people developed cancer [U.S. 2002] Contributing factors could be: • • • • • • aging tobacco use high fat foods pollution no health insurance lack of education © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Cell Regulation Cells perform important daily functions Regulatory genes – responsible for monitoring cell replication, specialization, DNA repair, and suppression Oncogenes – faulty regulatory genes that fail to function properly Proto-oncogenes –normal regulatory genes that may become oncogenes © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Oncogene Formation All cells have proto-oncogenes 3 mechanisms that contribute to oncogene formation: 1. genetic mutations 2. viral infections 3. presence of carcinogens, environmental agents © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Characteristics of a Cancerous Cell Infinite life expectancy (telomerase enzyme) Absence of contact inhibition Absence of cellular cohesiveness (metastasis) Ability to control extra blood supply (angiogenesis potential) © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Types of Cancers • • • • Carcinoma Sarcoma Lymphoma Leukemia • • • • Melanoma Neuroblastoma Adenocarcinoma Hepatoma Benign vs. malignant growths are not always safe © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. How Cancer Spreads © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Common Cancer Sites of the Body Lung Breast Uterus Vagina Ovary Lymph Cervix Prostate Testicle Colon/rectum Pancreas Skin © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Self-Check (Breast) © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Self-Check (Testicles) © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. ABCDE’s of Skin Cancer Asymmetry Border Color Diameter Elevation © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 7 Warning Signs of Cancer Change in bowel/bladder habits A sore that won’t heal Unusual bleeding Thickening or lump Indigestion Obvious change in wart/mole Nagging cough © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Treatment for Cancer Surgery Radiation Chemotherapy Immunotherapy Alternative cancer therapies © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Risk Reduction Know family history Avoid tobacco Eat properly Monitor environmental and occupational exposure to carcinogens © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Risk Reduction (cont’d) Control body weight Exercise regularly Limit UV rays Consume alcohol moderately © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Other Chronic Health Conditions Systemic lupus erythematosus Crohn’s Disease Multiple Sclerosis Diabetes mellitus (Type 1 and 2) Alzheimer’s Disease Sickle Cell Disease © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter Eleven Living with Cancer and Chronic Conditions © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
