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Transcript
Chapter 5, The Development of Anthropological Thought Nineteenth Century: Origins Early Twentieth Century: Development Mid-Century Evolutionary Approaches Anthropological Thought Today: Divisions Nineteenth Century: Origins Anthropology became a separate academic field. Studied how humans progressed to a "civilized" cultural existence. Unilineal Evolution - applied the theory of evolution to culture. Unlineal Evolution 1. 2. 3. Compile accounts of other cultures written by observers. Compare the cultures to determine which are the simplest and most complex. Classify the cultures into stages of development. Unlineal Evolution 4. 5. 6. Label theses stages: Savagery, Barbarism, Civilization. Place any new cultures in the classification. Invent an explanation for why the people in one stage developed into the next stage. American Historical Particularism (ca. 1900-1940) Each culture is unique and must be studied on its own terms. Each culture changes along its own path, depending on the influences that affect it. American Historical Particularism (ca. 1900-1940) Fieldwork is the primary means of acquiring reliable information. Cultural differences and biological differences have little to do with each other. British Functionalism (ca.1920-1950) The cultural features of a people should be explained by the functions they perform. Contributions: – Importance of fieldwork. – Relativism and Holistic perspectives. Mid-Century Evolutionary Approaches (ca. 1940-1970) Return to cultural evolution. White emphasized importance of technology. Steward emphasized the adaptation to the local environment in making cultures the way they are. Anthropology Today: Divisions Materialism - Cultural differences can be explained by the way people relate to their environment. Idealism - Anthropology is a humanistic field each culture is unique. Interpretive - All social interaction is symbolic and meaningful.